Pro Porn Feminist view of career in Pornography Essay

Pro Porn Feminist view of career in Pornography - Essay Example Pornography has provided female pornography actor with the financial augment they need, especially after becoming a widow or due to the lack of suitable jobs for qualified female pornography actor. Now pornography has turned into one of the biggest and most profitable industry and thus has invited a lot of interest and charm for female pornography actor to turn towards pornography in order to make some quick buck. Before we discuss the various views of female pornography actor working in the porn industry, we should define the definition of pornography. Although this has been a very debated topic too, as various authors find the definition in quite contrasting views. However, a generally accepted definition for "Pornography" is: "Pornography (from Greek pornographia - literally writing about or drawings of harlots) is the representation of the human body or human sexual behaviour with the goal of sexual arousal, similar to, but (according to some) distinct from, erotica."(Wikipedia) It has been arugued that pornography is "degrading" for female pornography actor. However, I believe that degrading is a very vague term. It narrows down to the point where every individual is in the position to define what is "degrading" and what is not. Another thing linked to this debate is that female pornography actor are used as "sex objects" and thus their importance mitigated. If this objection is taken at face value, it is meaningless, as objects do not have sexuality, only beings do. But if we state that female pornography actor are depicted as "sexual beings" would make a poor idiom. Most female sex workers foster the view that pornography should not be restricted, not because they oppose restricting harmful speech, but because they regard pornography as relatively harmless. They identify the harm of pornography as the harm of offense and maintain that the fact that some find certain materials offensive is not a sufficient reason for restricting those materials.( Gittler,2000) However, despite the benefits of porn, there still remains strong advocates of anti-porn. MacKinnon has disagreed that pornography is an action, instead of a form of expression. In her work titled "Only Words" she strongly presents the view that pornography is an illocutionary act of subordination. Another way that MacKinnon tries to augment the view that pornography is an action involves a similarly glaring non sequitur: "Pornography is masturbation material. It is used as sex. It therefore is sex."(Mackinnon 2000) The fact that pornography is used in certain actions, though, does not make it the case that pornography is an action. Finally, MacKinnon asserts that pornography is an action because it causes harmful acts. MacKinnon defends that pornography is causally linked to acts of sexism and violence against female pornography actor. Another important argument raised against female pornographic actors is that pornography entices men to commit rape. Studies and experts have contracted this view and have refused to accept any links between the two things, which they consider as poles apart. To further proof this point, the highly "pro-censorship" Messe Commission Report also agreed to this fact.( Jones,2001) Take the case of Japan, where pornography and

Hyatt Walkway Essay Example for Free

Hyatt Walkway Essay In Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, in 1981, connections supported the ceiling rods holding up the second and the fourth floor walkways has failed and collapsed and fell down on the first floor where was so crowded then and resulted in 114 deaths and over 200 injuries. Beside of the loss of lives, this collapse left millions dollars in cost behind and a number of principals lost their engineering licenses and number of firms went bankruptcy. As for the events triggered this collapse affecting the thousands of people adversely, the most critical and important factor was the change of the design of the hanger rod connections from one-rod to two-rod system to make the assembly task simpler doubling the load on the connector. Improper design utilizing abrupt section changes, resulting in stress concentrations Degradation of materials in a connection. Improper design due to lack of consideration of all forces acting on a connection, especially those associated with volume changes. Lack of consideration of large residual stresses resulting from manufacture or fabrication. These are the most important structural factors caused of the walkway collapse. And it is resulted from the conflictual and controversial communication between the Havens Steel Company and G.C.E International Inc. This can be deemed as the most important factor triggered the walkway collapse because of the fact that these two professional engineering companies obviously were not able to communicate each other in professional bounders and haven’t acted in a responsible way and understood the importance of the job they were doing. G.C.E International Inc., Daniel M. Duncan and Jack D. Gillum is the most blame for walkway collapse because of charging gross negligence, incompetence, misconduct and unprofessional conduct in the practice of engineering in connection with their performance of engineering services in the design and construction of the Hyatt Regency Hotel. G.C.E International Inc. bears the most responsibility because of the fact that they were the responsible one on design changing and they were failed on final check step by approving the design change opinion by the Havens Company and they have failed on it. G.C.E International Inc. and Havens Company were involved in key decisions because of the fact that Havens Company proposed the design change on as mentioned above and G.C.E International Inc. accepted this offer after receiving the shop drawings.

The Problems with Fracking Essay -- Environmentalism, Human Health

No Fracking Way Imagine a world where fresh and clear water was a luxury. Imagine water so contaminated with chemicals that every plant it comes into contact with dies. As the trees begin to die, oxygen levels drop. As the vegetation dies, wildlife begins to die out. The polluted water which flows through the ground into wells causes instant contamination. As the water flows out of the sink, one can strike a match and light the liquid on fire. Showering in these chemicals is out of the question. Fresh water has become a comfort, rather than a given. Could planet Earth survive this existence? If hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as fracking, were deemed legal, this question may be put to the test. Fracking is a process in which chemicals, sand and water are used in â€Å"high volumes†¦ to fracture gas-bearing layers of rock† (Dolesh 2). As the rock breaks, natural gas is released and then collected to be used as energy. The United States is currently sitting on a gold mine of natural gas which could stimulate our ever declining economy. The question is what price are we willing to pay for a temporary fix? Fracking is a dangerous process that should be deemed illegal due to its harmful short and long-term environmental effects. Before one can see the devastating effects of fracking, one must first understand how fracking works. As previously stated, the main intent of hydro-fracking is to access and harvest natural gas that lies below the surface of the Earth. Having formed over 400 million years ago by the collision of tectonic plates (Marsa 3), the Marcellus Shale plays host to a gold mine of natural gas, which is currently at the center of the fracking debate in the Northeastern region of the United States. Unfortunately, access... ...er, Cyril Josh. â€Å"Fracking Up: New York State Continues The Debate Over Gas Extraction Process.† New York Amsterdam News (2011): 4. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. Dolesh, Richard â€Å"Fracktured Parks.† Parks & Recreation 46.6 (2011): 56-61. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. Marsa, Linda. â€Å"Fracking Nation.† Discover 32.4 (2011): 62-70. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. Morriss III, James C., and Christopher D. Smith. â€Å"The Shales And Shale-Nots: Environmental Regulation Of Natural Gas Development. (Cover Story).† Energy Litigation Journal 9.4 (2010): 1-23. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. Peltier, Robert. â€Å"Fracking Problems.† Power 155.8 (2011): 6. Academic Search Complete. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. Rahman, Hashim. â€Å"New York Puts Fracking On Hold.† Planning 77.2 (2011): 4. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Nov. 2011.

Celebrity Culture

Another trait which defines America’s culture and identity is the culture of celebrities. With plenty of wealth, fame, and attention, celebrities display to the middle and lower class citizens the ways of life of upper class citizens and nationwide divas. Moreover, they advance these images of themselves by exhibiting their multi-bedroom houses and mansions, multiple vehicles, designer clothing, and their extravagant jewelry. The feeling of being â€Å"on top of the world† only guides celebrities towards a path of demise and wrongdoing. Drugs, sex, and incarcerations have been the result of the celebrity mindset of immortality.Any medium can be viewed as a vehicle for creating a celebrity culture. Celebrity culture, once restricted to royalty and biblical/mythical figures, has pervaded many sectors of society including business, publishing, and even academia. Mass media has increased the exposure and power of celebrity. A trend has developed that celebrity carries with it increasingly more social capital than in earlier times. Celebrity fame was established for an individual or group with recognition of raw talent. Celebrities in the 20th century rightfully deserved every bit of attention received due to their talents that have yet to be seen before.Celebrity figures such as Muhammed Ali and Wilt Chamberlain received celebrity status through athletics, simply due to the fact that they were accomplishing goals in their respected sports that have never been done before. People watched Muhammed Ali fight more swiftly than any fighter before and have a great fighting career. Also, they watched all seven foot one inch, two hundred seventy five pound Wilt Chamberlain being a â€Å"one-man wrecking crew† scoring 100 points in a single basketball game, which still to this day has been accomplished.With technological and medicinal differences in comparison from today and decades past, the actions and luxuries of celebrities were altered. Celebrities in the 20th century were introduced to the widespread of drugs, which led to the downfall of some careers. Most famously, Marilyn Monroe fell prey to the vast influential movement of drugs in America. In the peak of a great career as an actress, model, and playboy centerfold, she'd begun to lose herself to self-doubt, depression, drugs, and alcohol. Marilyn Monroe began taking sleeping pills for her insomnia.She regularly consulted psychiatrists. She drank heavily, and began a habit of arriving late to work, and sometimes not being able to work at all. Celebrities in this era have been noticed publicly wearing expensive jewelry, very appealing makeup, and flashy attire. Among the expensive jewelry were pearl necklaces, diamond rings/ earrings, and top of the line watches. Women displayed sex appeal by wearing bright red lipstick, which Marilyn Monroe most famously wore in the movies she acted in and photo shoots she was in.A trendy attire for celebrities was the fur coats. As outst anding as it appeared, it spoke to the public shouting â€Å"I have a lot of money†. Celebrities wore these outfits to the front row of Boxing matches, sporting events, theater openings, and nightclubs. In today’s world, a celebrity can be introduced through inheritance, skill, a bizarre action, and more. A celebrity today is equivalent to a person with a lot of money or a person who once had a lot of money. The celebrity status of today does not require any skill, talent, or any self-made accomplishments.A child born into a wealthy family is nowadays considered a family once he or she does something to catch the attention of the media. For example, Paris Hilton, great granddaughter of millionaire Conrad Hilton, who established Hilton Hotels, is considered to be a celebrity. Hilton’s fame sprouted from her controversial appearance in a sex tape in 2003. After being noticed in her tape, she received opportunities to be come a American socialite, media personality , model, singer, author, fashion designer and actress. Drug abuse among today’s celebrities is a growing problem.News headlines weekly feature another celebrity incarcerated for possession of drugs or other drug/alcohol related crimes. New generations of teens are deeply affected by this negative media and are taking part in the same actions. Britney Spears and Lindsay Lohan are most notably in headlines about arrests for drug/alcohol related incidents and admission into rehabilitation centers. However it is not all negative news in today’s celebrity culture. There are celebrities in today’s world who use their money and wealth to make a difference in today’s world.Stars such as Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie use their money to adopt less fortunate kids without families to provide them with a family and better lives. They have several adopted children of different ethnicities to teach their children not to discriminate against people who are different. Anot her star, Wycliffe Jean, a musician, has donated millions of dollars to Haiti after their devastating earthquakes which left about a third of the nation dead or injured. The future for celebrity culture is unpredictable, however based on the increasing reports of drug and alcohol related crimes, the outlook seems negative.Celebrities appear to only be getting more selfish and irresponsible with their wealth and their fame. Also the birth of celebrities is occurring too rapidly and pointlessly. For instance, reality TV is producing celebrities which have no morals for the next generation to look up to. Hopefully, celebrities will start to take notice on how much damage they are abusing on American teens. A decrease in their wrongdoing will positively effect our youth and America’s image as a whole. We will no longer be perceived as the selfish slobs we are portrayed as today, but as a friendly giving country that we strive to be.

Diversity Case Study Essay

Is a term used to differentiate groups and people from one another. It means respect for and appreciation of differences in ethnicity, gender, age, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, education, and religion. What is diversity? Everyone is a unique person. Even though people have things in common with each other they are also different in all sorts of ways. Differences include visible and non-visible factors, for example, personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality, and work-style, size, accent, language and so on. A number of personal characteristics are covered by discrimination law to give people protection against being treated unfairly. The ‘protected characteristics’ are race, disability, gender reassignment, sex, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, religion and belief, sexual orientation and age. Equality and diversity is becoming more important in all aspects of our lives and work for a number of reasons: * We live in an increasingly diverse society and need to be able to respond appropriately and sensitively to this diversity. Learners in the healthcare setting will reflect this diversity around gender, race and ethnicity, disability, religion, sexuality, class and age. * Your organisation believes that successful implementation of equality and diversity in all aspects of work ensures that colleagues, staff and students are valued, motivated and treated fairly. * We have an equality and human rights legal framework covering employment practices and service delivery and qe need to ensure we work within this and avoid discrimination. What is equality? Equality is ensuring individuals or groups of individuals are treated fairly and equally and no less favourably, specific to their needs, including areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation and age. Promoting equality should remove discrimination in all of the aformentioned areas. Bullying, harassment or victimization are also considered as equality and diversity issues. Equality is about ‘creating a fairer society, where everyone can participate and has the opportunity to fulfil their potential’ Inclusion Inclusion is a state of being valued, respected and supported. It’s about focusing on the needs of every individual and ensuring the right conditions are in place for each person to achieve his or her full potential. Inclusion should be reflected in an organization’s culture, practices and relationships that are in place to support a diverse workforce. Inclusion is about all learners and about taking action to remove barriers to participation and learning. Inclusion also involves eliminating discrimination and promoting equality. It is described by some as the practice of ensuring that people feel they belong, are engaged, and connected. It is a universal human right whose aim is to embrace all people, irrespective of race, gender, disability or other attribute which can be perceived as different. a sense of belonging: feeling respected, valued for who you are; feeling a level of supportive energy and commitment from others so that you can do your best.† It is about valuing all individuals, giving equal access and opportunity to all and removing discrimination and other barriers to involvement. 1. The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, esp. on the grounds of race, age, or sex. 2. Recognition and understanding of the difference between one thing and another.

Captain Sir Henry Morgan - Biography

Captain Sir Henry Morgan - Biography Henry Morgan - Early Life: Little information exists regarding Henry Morgans early days. It is believed that he was born around 1635, in either Llanrhymny or Abergavenny, Wales and was the son of local squire Robert Morgan. Two principal stories exist to explain Morgans arrival in the New World. One states that he traveled to Barbados as an indentured servant and later joined the expedition of General Robert Venables and Admiral William Penn in 1655, to escape his service. The other details how Morgan was recruited by the Venables-Penn expedition at Plymouth in 1654. In either case, Morgan appears to have taken part in the failed attempt to conquer Hispaniola and the subsequent invasion of Jamaica. Electing to remain in Jamaica, he was soon joined by his uncle, Edward Morgan, who was appointed lieutenant-governor of the island after the restoration of King Charles II in 1660. After marrying his uncles eldest daughter, Mary Elizabeth, later that year, Henry Morgan began sailing in the buccaneer fleets that were employed by the English to attack Spanish settlements. In this new role, he served a captain in the fleet of Christopher Myngs in 1662-1663. Henry Morgan - Building Reputation: Having taken part in Myngs successful plundering of Santiago de Cuba and Campeche, Mexico, Morgan returned to sea in late 1663. Sailing with Captain John Morris and three other ships, Morgan looted the provincial capital of Villahermosa. Returning from their raid, they found that their ships had been captured by Spanish patrols. Unperturbed, they captured two Spanish ships and continued their cruise, sacking Trujillo and Granada before returning to Port Royal, Jamaica. In 1665,  Jamaican Governor Thomas Modyford Morgan appointed Morgan as vice-admiral of and expedition led by Edward Mansfield and tasked with capturing Curacao.   Once at sea, much of the expeditions leadership decided that Curacao was not a sufficiently lucrative target and instead set course for the Spanish islands of Providence and Santa Catalina.   The expedition captured the islands, but encountered problems when Mansfield was captured and killed by the Spanish. With their leader dead, the buccaneers elected Morgan their admiral. With this success, Modyford began sponsoring a number of Morgans cruises again the Spanish. In 1667, Modyford dispatched Morgan with ten ships and 500 men to free a number of English prisoners being held in Puerto Principe, Cuba. Landing, his men sacked the city but found little wealth as its inhabitants had been warned of their approach.   Freeing the prisoners, Morgan and his men re-embarked and sailing south to Panama in search of greater riches. Targeting Puerto Bello, a key Spanish center of trade, Morgan and his men came ashore and overwhelmed the garrison before occupying the town. After defeating a Spanish counterattack, he agreed to leave the town after receiving a large ransom. Though he had exceeded his commission, Morgan returned a hero and his exploits were glossed over by Modyford and the Admiralty. Sailing again in January 1669, Morgan descended on the Spanish Main with 900 men with the goal of attacking Cartagena. Later that month, his flagship, Oxford exploded, killing 300 men. With his forces reduced, Morgan felt he lacked the men to take Cartagena and turned east. Intending to strike Maracaibo, Venezuela, Morgans force was compelled to capture San Carlos de la Barra Fortress in order to move through the narrow channel approaching the city. Successful, they then attacked Maracaibo but found that the population had largely fled with their valuables.   After three weeks of searching for gold, he re-embarked his men before sailing south into Lake Maracaibo and occupying Gibraltar. Spending several weeks ashore, Morgan next sailed north, capturing three Spanish ships before re-entering the Caribbean. As in the past, he was chastised by Modyford upon his return, but not punished. Having established himself as the preeminent buccaneer leader in the Caribbean, Morgan was named commander-in-chief of all warships in Jamaica and given a blanket commission by Modyford to make war against the Spanish. Henry Morgan - Attack on Panama: Sailing south in late 1670, Morgan recaptured the island of Santa Catalina on December 15 and twelve days later occupied Chagres Castle in Panama. Advancing up the Chagres River with 1,000 men, he approached the city of Panama on January 18, 1671. Splitting his men into two groups, he ordered one to march through nearby woods to flank the Spanish as the other advanced across open ground. As the 1,500 defenders attacked Morgans exposed lines, the forces in the woods attacked routing the Spanish. Moving into the city, Morgan captured over 400,000 pieces of eight. During Morgans stay, the city was burned however the source of the fire is disputed. Returning to Chagres, Morgan was stunned to learn that peace had been declared between England and Spain. Upon reaching Jamaica, he found that Modyford had been recalled and that orders had been issued for his arrest. On August 4, 1672, Morgan was taken into custody and transported to England. At his trial he was able to prove that he had no knowledge of the treaty and was acquitted. In 1674, Morgan was knighted by King Charles and sent back to Jamaica as lieutenant governor. Henry Morgan - Later Life: Arriving in Jamaica, Morgan took up his post under Governor Lord Vaughan. Overseeing the islands defenses, Morgan also further developed his vast sugar plantations. In 1681, Morgan was replaced by his political rival, Sir Thomas Lynch, after falling out of favor with the king. Removed from the Jamaican Council by Lynch in 1683, Morgan was reinstated five years later after his friend Christopher Monck became governor. In declining health for several years, Morgan died on August 25, 1688, renowned as one of the most successful and ruthless privateers ever to sail the Caribbean. Selected Sources Cordingly, David. Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. New York: Random House, 2006Henry Morgan BiographyData Wales: Henry Morgan

The Ten Lost Years for Farmers in Canada essays

The Ten Lost Years for Farmers in Canada essays The Prairie farmers of Canada were struck hardest by the Great Depression. The 30s are known as the  ¡Ã‚ °Ten Lost Years ¡ as most farmers were forced into extreme economic hardships. During the prosperous 20s, many farmers took the advantage and invested in new and expensive machineries, often paying debt on demand loans. While the Depression started with the stock market crash in Oct 1929, many bankers tried to recall all their loans back in order to avoid their loss. As a result, many farmers, with little cash, had to declare bankruptcy and sell their most valuable property C farmland, to pay off their loans. However, more severe natural disasters occurred along with the economic depression, which caused a huge decline in the production of crops in the West, or mainly in the Palliser Triangle. In the period of 1936-1937, the coldest temperature reached to -50oF, causing many livestock to freeze to death in the barns. In addition, the series of droughts in 1931, 1933-35, and 19 38 were unbearable to many farmers; precipitation in Regina fell to an average of less than 11 inches. Moreover, the droughts brought almost total crop failure to the grain belt; livestock had no food to eat and was sold at distressed prices, only sufficient to cover transportation costs. Throughout this period, land erosion and dust storm became another major threat, with high winds removing topsoil year after year. Consequently, most structures such as farm homes, implements and fences were engulfed by dust storms and were covered by more than a foot of dust. Yet worst of all was the grasshopper infection in 1931; they swarmed all over the Prairies. Many farmers described them as  ¡Ã‚ °black clouds, and they chewed everything up. They destroyed wheat fields in minutes, they ate the clothing of the lines, the bristles off the brooms, and even the leather off the tractor seats. ¡ What was left after the grasshoppers were waste lands in resemblance o...

Top 10 Tips On Saving Your Time

Top 10 Tips On Saving Your Time Top 10 Tips on Saving Time as a College Student Often as a college student, there is never enough time in a day with all the juggling between classes, homework, study sessions, family time, work and a little fun. To be successful as a student, its important to learn how to manage the most critical resource, which is time. Here are 10 tips to help students get a grasp on the busy college life, so they can save time and reward themselves with a college degree as soon as possible. 1. Get the help of a professional writing service As the semester kicks off, many students look forward to studying and completing different assignments in time, but it reaches a point when their schedule is filled up, and there is no time to write every single essay/paper. Buying a college paper from a professional writing service goes a long way to keeping you on top of assignments and exams in the midst of tight and demanding schedules. You will not only save on time to attend to other important tasks, but you will get high-quality written assignments that are delivered on time and by the best writers. By using this service, you will live a stress and challenge-free life in whatever program you may be enrolled in, knowing that you will receive well researched, 100% unique work that is created just for you. Dont hesitate to find the help of professional writers in your essay writing needs for a productive and efficient academic journey. You may order your essay, dissertation or another type of college paper on our order page. 2. Set Priorities Note the most important tasks and tackle them first even if they are things you would usually dread to do. When you start each day by organizing your tasks and knowing ahead what needs to be done, you will achieve a new level of productivity you never thought possible. You can use simple apps that let you create a daily list of tasks so you will never forget a major task or miss a deadline like homework or test dates. 3. Study Smarter Some students study really hard but only get average results while others invest half the amount of time and get outstanding results.Well-performing students dont necessarily study for long hours, but they study smartly. Develop a study game plan to allow you to direct your focus on what is important. Make a summary of what you read, join a group discussion and organize ideas in a way you can recall (memory retention strategies). 4. Know Yourself It helps knowing when you function best as a learner so that you can make the best use of the time you have. Some people perform better in early mornings while others prefer to stay late. Whatever kind of person you are, you will achieve better outcomes if you schedule your classes and study sessions around your preferences. Reserve peak times for more intensive tasks and low concentration times for less intensive tasks like copying notes or typing assignments. 5. Find a Way of Doing Things Faster Many times as college students you waste time doing things for longer periods than you normally should. You can figure out a way of getting things done faster may be by multitasking and getting a couple of things done at the same time. For example, you could listen to your recorded lecture notes while folding laundry or doing your nails. 6. Avoid Procrastination Procrastination only results in wastage of time and energy. Stay dedicated to what you have set out to accomplish and dont push it for later. You have so much to lose with continued inaction so its better to get done with it when you can. 7. Be Healthy to Improve Productivity What you eat affects your productivity. Eating a well-balanced diet will significantly boost your energy levels so that you stay productive throughout the day. Your moods will greatly be improved while keeping you in top physical form to carry out your errands efficiently. Remember to get enough sleep and clear your head by engaging in fun activities for a more engaged mind when doing school work. 8. Do Away with Distractions You may want to consider eliminating certain distractions that eat away at your time. Television, mobile phones and social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram etc. are typical time wasters we dwell on. Check on such distractions in moderation making sure you take a break completely when doing important tasks like studying or doing assignments. 9. Use Spare Moments Always put something you can study in your bag or save it on the phone so you can take advantage of those long hours you spend waiting in lines, stuck in traffic or eating alone. During such times, you can also memorize, review or reflect on what you have already covered. 10. Be Flexible in Your Routine Many times things will happen that you hadnt seen coming. It is critical for adult college students to have a flexible mindset and flexible schedule to help manage unforeseen circumstances. Flexibility and adaptability will enable you to be in a better position to make the most use of the available time. Therefore dont wait for longer free hours so as to meet with your professor but get it done in the time you have, even between your commitments.

Achieving Service Excellence(Strategies for healthcare) by Myron D Essay

Achieving Service Excellence(Strategies for healthcare) by Myron D Fottler, Robert C Ford, Cherrill P Heaton - Essay Example The efforts that we put towards betterment of our employees are reflected in the sincere efforts of our staff towards our customers. Health sector is primarily a service oriented sector and hence it is imperative for the people in this industry to have a flexible mindset which is well trained for selfless servicing. At Core Medicos we follow an internal empowerment policy under which special measures are taken for upliftment of our employees in all regards. Our staff is our strength and our success is much dependent on the way they execute their responsibilities. We understand that it is through them that we can achieve what we want to achieve and hence we pay uncompromising attention to their betterment. Through our staff oriented policies we are able to achieve customer satisfaction via the satisfaction of our employees. Services in health sector require immense focus and expertise as it is literally a matter of life and death. As a responsible institution Core Medicos we pay uncompromising attention while recruiting employees and during their training. Our competent HR department follows a comprehensive recruitment policy. All the candidates are first short listed on the basis of their academic and medical qualification. Apart from a testing written examination, an exhaustive practical test is also held to test their operational skill. Candidates who not only qualify our examinations but also fit within our professional values are then recruited. Apart from appropriate compensation, we also encourage interested candidates to pursue further medical courses on company’s funding. Their growth as an individual forms the basis of our growth as an organization, and hence we do not hesitate to invest in their development, be it financial, social or academicals. We aim for complete growth, we aim to see our employees as happy individuals and their families as happy families and

You can make a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You can make a topic - Essay Example Stone reason that the whole concern of equality and rights revolve around the subject of who ‘human being’ is and what nature has empowered him to do. Humans has the capacity through the experience of pain and or pleasure to substantiate the moral authority bestowed by nature on them to protect animals from pain and other sufferings while at the same time defining the interest of trees in being watered. Contention in this discussion places human beings in the centre place through which he is morally obligated to relieve animals of any form of pain and suffering. The movements that run in the interest of liberating animals and safeguarding their interests lobby on the natural responsibility endowed on humans to protect their lives or at least meeting their interests (Sagaff, 38-39). This revolves around a postulation by Leopold that human beings exist in a community of nature through which interactions are bound by morality and through which human beings are bound to hono r the natural obligation of safeguarding the interests of animals in at the least form minimizing their pain and suffering. The contradiction arises while the environmentalists and conservationists concentrated efforts in ecological issues unlike expressing their interests in humanitarian issues. Therefore, the environmentalists are seen through the eyes of allowing hunting practices as a means to balance the ecological support by nature when some species exceed the carrying capacity of the environment. This raises the concern that there exist the disparities in matters of morality in safeguarding the interest of these animals when at the same time advocating for the hunting. However, this whole discussion leave humans at the centre with his role being defined by nature and morality in respect to safeguarding the interests of animals which are notably prone to sufferings. The liberationist movements therefore champion the role of human beings to

International Strategic Management- Case study (Emirate airline)

International Strategic Management- (Emirate airline) - Case Study Example Some of this training involves diversity, as the business employs more than 150 different nationalities and must deal with a diverse demographic of clients (Matly & Dillon, 2007). Training and development is a key internal resource, in terms of human capital, to provide ongoing customer service and support to fulfill the company’s mission and differentiation tactics toward competitive edge through service. The business has also been able to establish a network of internal capabilities including an ever-growing fleet of planes which allows Emirates the distinction of being the only airline across the globe to offer non-stop flight service to all six continents from a single airline hub (emirates.com, 2009). This requires internal flexibility and expertise in coordinating flight services in a manner which does not project, to the travelling client, delays or inferior scheduling capacity. This is an internal competency which gives Emirates a reputation for being both innovative to meet international client demands and also coordinate on-time arrivals and departures. Much to the dismay of Emirates Airlines, the company’s cash position is quickly deteriorating, due largely to heavy financing of current planes and also the current economic climate which is causing drops in passengers as they cut back on business and personal costs (Kerr, 2009). The business has attempted to diversify its holdings, including new investments in the construction of a hotel and its ongoing dividends being paid to the Dubai government (Kerr). However, the business still maintains a strong cash position of $2.4 (US) billion, giving the business considerable opportunities to further diversify its business holdings and generate more long-term revenue. Therefore, from an internal strategic analysis, Emirates Airlines is well-positioned with positive cash availability to strengthen its ability to expand as deemed

Forensic soils examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic soils examination - Essay Example A separate squad has been set up in US federal investigating agencies for this aspect of forensic research which play a vital role in leading to the culprit as he not immune from my commiting a blunder while carrying out his crime. In real-life crimes, colour is one way that forensic scientists analyse soil from a crime scene or suspect. They can also check mineral composition, the density of the soil and its pollen content. The evidential value of soil stands on large variation in its characteristics.Soil has extreme complexity not only in components such as minerals, oxides, organic matter, micro organisms and their materials butalso physical nature such as particle sizes and densities. Considering the granite rock alone, for instance, there are an almost unlimited number of kinds. They are easily recognized according to difference of color, mineralogy, texture and a lot of other characteristics. Diversity of soil is the results of many kind of formations process on diverse kind of parent materials, which strongly depends on topography, climate, course of years, botanical and microbiological functions, conditions of watering, and even human activities.

Police Leadership and Code of Silence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Police Leadership and Code of Silence - Essay Example Also, the study identifies other ways additional to the proposed ones to handle the code of silence. The paper also, analyzes effectiveness of a properly led police organization. Proper leadership within the police department can make a positive difference in the police organization in regards to, handling the code of silence. This could be made possible by doing the following; ensuring accountability to all those in the police department whereby all those in the police department should be held responsible for their actions. This will make them responsible as they will be answerable for whatever action they take. Also, strong disciplinary actions should be taken against those who violate human rights; this will enable the policemen to ensure that do their duty responsibly and do not in any way break the rule on human rights. With the introduction of socialization, the police leadership would have greatly contributed in handling the code of silence; this through psychological testing where they are subjected to a screening mechanism both while in training and when they are on duty. This will ensure the police officers are aware of the limits that they cannot break. Police supervision should also be embraced. Police officers should be supervised while they are carrying out their duties to ensure they do their duties diligently without any harm to the community and in accordance with the set rules and guidelines. Other than this, the community and the police should socialize and work together. Here, police officers and the community will live as friends. This will ensure the hatred between the community and police officers is ironed out and that the two groups, police and the community, work together in fighting crime. It will enable the police to give better services to the community (Stojkovic, et al., 2002). Police supervision is an essential part of the police department in handling the code of silence. It is necessary in that the police officers will be acco untable in what they do to their front line supervisors. This will ensure there are no favors’ in case handling and in turn ensure that justice is achieved. Supervision is also crucial in ensuring that police officers follow rules while carrying out their duty; this will eliminate the blame game and make it easy to identify those who break the law. Another reason why police supervision is important is to ensure that the officers get the best and the required training. This will equip them with the necessary skills and knowledge to handle the citizens. Supervision also promotes integrity; where the officers do and say only what is right. This will help eliminate cases like that of Frank Jude where the police covered up for each other. Police supervision is important in that it promotes justice because the wrong doers are punished (Stojkovic, et al., 2002). Police organizations are not different from other organizations when it comes to the code of silence. This is because the organizations have a set form of leadership and seniors to whom they should be accountable just like the other organizations. There are other ways to address the code of silence issue in the police organization. One such way is ensuring that there is a set of standards to be followed. This will ensure that the officers adhere to the standards and know whenever they are breaking them. Another method is the introduction of refresher courses; where the office

Forensic soils examination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic soils examination - Essay Example A separate squad has been set up in US federal investigating agencies for this aspect of forensic research which play a vital role in leading to the culprit as he not immune from my commiting a blunder while carrying out his crime. In real-life crimes, colour is one way that forensic scientists analyse soil from a crime scene or suspect. They can also check mineral composition, the density of the soil and its pollen content. The evidential value of soil stands on large variation in its characteristics.Soil has extreme complexity not only in components such as minerals, oxides, organic matter, micro organisms and their materials butalso physical nature such as particle sizes and densities. Considering the granite rock alone, for instance, there are an almost unlimited number of kinds. They are easily recognized according to difference of color, mineralogy, texture and a lot of other characteristics. Diversity of soil is the results of many kind of formations process on diverse kind of parent materials, which strongly depends on topography, climate, course of years, botanical and microbiological functions, conditions of watering, and even human activities.

Cutback Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cutback Management - Essay Example Operational costs or program may be cut to give room for other funds for piloting, preparation or other substantial reforms. It therefore becomes hard to achieve changes in an organization. With fewer resources remaining, it will be a hard task to bring organizational changes, as well as to meet innovative programs for employees. Furthermore, the organizations’ flexibility in innovation is diminished. It may become hard to reach consensus on howmuch is going to be cut from the budget by the stakeholders. Cut back management should be viewed as a trend to better opportunities that will lead to improvement as opposed to a threat. The tone used for such a task should be positive. Also, a cutback management should be planned and prepared for and articulated well. The management should be well aware that there comes a future turn to econonmise minimum resources. The organization also should evaluate human resource as a an important asset instead of pegging it as a budget line.it makes a human resource more viable in terms of growth and productivity. In this sense, employees should be involved in the trend. They should contribute and feel that they are accountable for such a move. Communication also plays an important role. Therefore, during such a move stakeholders should be honest in every aspect to every employee that it will be done on honest grounds. Last, a variety of methods should be adopted and not merely headcount restrictions (Bryson, 2011). As seen from above, cut back management embrace a systematic strategy that an organisation adopts in order to achieve some set targets. On the other hand, ordinary change management refers to a haphazard manner undertaken in order to cut on expenses that a firm incurs. It does not affect the roductivity as the organisation still operates on maximum benefits per man hour times. Cut back management may affect on productivity (Levy, 2013). The future of management seems to be based on

Roman Sculpture Essay Example for Free

Roman Sculpture Essay Roman sculpture effects life and plays an important role in Ancient Rome, Julius Caesar, and modern-day society. Statues were an important and influential part of art and architecture in roman culture. Although, most of roman art and architecture came from Greek culture and habits, most people today think of the statues and sculptural techniques as roman. Ancient Rome used statues as ceremonial pieces, public gathering places, frivolous beautifying accessories in public areas, and honorable tributes to the rich or important people of the time. The Romans particularly like statues of gods, leaders, and heroes in action. (All About Ancient) Most sculptures roles in society were to be public meeting places for important events. They were used as central areas for passing information and communicating new rules and guidelines for an area. A whole category of battle and heroic sculpture filled the citizenrys need for information on conquests made by Roman armies. (All Bout Ancient) Although most statues were used for the public, some statues were intended for private viewing only because the subject matter would not be acceptable with commoners seeing as it was offensive or sexually explicit. (All About Ancient) Roman statue effected and played a role in literature as well such as Julius Caesar. In Shakespeare’s play, roman sculpture is used as a ceremonial image and also used to foreshadow the terrible events that unfolded later. In Act 1 of the play, a statue is described as decked with ceremonies for a parade. (Shakespeare) This would be a festival-type event celebrating an important figure returning home, that of which being Caesar. Later on in the play, the very same statue came into importance in Calpurnia’s dream. â€Å"She dreamt tonight she saw my (Caesar’s) statue which, like a fountain with a hundred spouts, did run pure blood, and many lusty romans came smiling and did bathe their hands in it.† This was an important foreshadowed event and without the statue, it would not have been portrayed the same. For as old as roman sculpting techniques are and for as long as statues have been around, they still have an impact on modern-day society. When people think of classic beauty, they think of the statues of gods and goddesses, heroes and leaders created by the ancient Romans. (All About Ancient) The Roman style of sculpture is influenced strongly by Greek style. The Romans saw what the Greeks were doing, like it and imitated it, although most of the statues that have remained and are still here today are roman. (Art) In addition to statues, Roman Emperors were also portrayed on coins, which is where modern-day society got the idea of putting out presidents on coins. (All About Ancient) Many of architectural buildings today are based off of old roman art such as the United States very own capital building. Roman sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about Gods, Heroes, Events, and act as public meeting areas. These statues played important roles in Julius Caesar, Ancient Rome, and modern-day society. Many sculptures were used to represent important events and people, and that cultural idea to represent significant events through art has transferred through into present-day society. Many of the statues that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we know today would have been lost to antiquity.

Effects of Magnetic Fields Produced from Long Wires

Effects of Magnetic Fields Produced from Long Wires Faradays Law Laboratory Exercise An investigation into the effects of magnetic fields produced from long wires and comparison of theoretical and experimental results through the use of Amperes Law and Faradays Law Contents 1. Summary 2. Introduction 2.1 Introduction to Method 2.1.1 Apparatus 2.1.2 Procedure 3. Results 3.1 Single Wire Experiment 3.2 Single wire experiment with Ferrite Core 3.3 Double Wire Experiment 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion 6. References Appendix A Raw Data Electromagnets and the magnetic fields that they produce provide the foundations for the development of various major industries in modern society, including medicine, transport and robotics. However, there can be inaccuracies with their use caused by a phenomenon known as Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). In this experiment, a search coil was placed near a fixed wire with a current flowing through it, and the induced voltage across the coil was measured and recorded as the coil was moved away from the wire to investigate the effect of distance on the magnitude of the magnetic flux while the effects of a ferrite core on the magnetic field produced were also explored. The experimental and theoretical results highlighted the same trends, confirming the expectation that an increase in distance would cause a decrease in the magnitude of magnetic flux. The differences in results can be considered due to EMI from the return connection, which can induce unwanted voltages in the circuit. A magnetic field is the region in the neighbourhood of a magnet, electric current or changing electric field in which magnetic forces are observable. (1) An electromagnetic field is the form of magnetic field generated by the flow of electric current; it is caused by the movement and acceleration of the electrons. (2) Electromagnets play an important role in the continued development of many major industries, while there are already numerous useful applications of them in modern society. The electromagnetic fields they produce are vital in: medical practises such as MRI scans where they are used to alter the alignment of hydrogen atoms in the body (3); the production of high-speed Maglev trains which eliminates friction by allowing the train to levitate (4) and the continued scientific research into superconductors and rapid acceleration which provides the basis for particle accelerators. (5) However, constantly changing electromagnetic fields, especially in electric circuits, can cause a phenomenon known as Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) which can induce unwanted voltages and affect the performance of electronic devices. The area of engineering which aims to eradicate the problems caused by these disturbances is known as Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). (6)(7) Two equations which form the fundamental basis for electromagnetism and its understanding are Amperes Circuital Law and Faradays Law. Amperes Law states that the magnetic field, B, caused by an electric current is proportional to the size of the electric current. (8) (equation 1) However, in this experiment, the current, I, flowing through the circuit remains constant, as does the permeability of free space, , and 2à Ã¢â€š ¬, and therefore the magnetic field, B, is expected to be inversely proportional to the distance from the wire. Faradays Law states that any change in the magnetic environment of a wire will cause a voltage to be induced in the wire. (9) (equation 2) If = BA and a sinusoidal variation of the magnetic field is assumed: (equation 3) where is the induced voltage, N is the turns on the coil, A is the area of the coil and is the angular frequency. As N, A and are constant, the magnetic field, B, should be directly proportional to the induced voltage, E, in this investigation. 2.1 Introduction to Method 2.1.1 Apparatus Agilent signal generator to vary the frequency of the signal provided to the circuit. Twin wire board as shown in figures 1 and 2, containing a fixed wire, an adjustable return connection wire and a 50ÃŽÂ © resistor in series with the circuit. Rectangular air cored coil of dimensions 30mm x 30mm and containing 50 turns, used to measure the changing B field from the wire. Ferrite core to alter the effects of the B field on the coil. Digital Multimeter to record the voltages across the resistor and the search coil, measuring with an uncertainty of +0.0005mV. 2.1.2 Procedure The long wire board was connected to the Agilent signal generator, ensuring that the 50ÃŽÂ © resistor was in series with the circuit. One connection was made using the fixed wire on the board; the other was made using a long connection lead kept the farthest distance away from the experiment as possible, as demonstrated in figure 1. A sign wave signal of frequency 60kHz was selected and the voltage across the resistor recorded, allowing a current to be calculated. The rectangular search coil was then placed against the fixed wire 2cm away from the centre line and the voltage across the coil measured. The coil was then moved at a right angle away from the fixed wire in increments of 1cm and the voltage across the coil measured at each of these points. The input sign wave frequency was then altered to 30kHz and the experimental procedure was repeated. The input sign wave frequency was then returned to 60Hz and a round ferrite core inserted into the search coil; the experiment was th en repeated again. The long connection lead was then changed to provide a short connection as shown in figure 2. A sign wave signal of frequency 60kHz was again selected and the current calculated. The rectangular search coil was then placed against the short connection wire 2cm away from the centre line and the voltage across the coil measured. The coil was then moved in the same manner as above and the voltages recorded. The input sign wave frequency was again altered to 30kHz and the experiment was repeated. The current through the circuit was calculated using Ohms law: where V is the measured voltage across the resistor (3.385 V) and R is the known resistor value 50ÃŽÂ ©, giving = 191mA. For the single wire and double wire at both frequencies, and the single wire at 60kHz with the ferrite core, the distance of the search coil away from the wire, d, and the RMS voltage across the search coil, E, were recorded and collected in three tables which can be found in Appendix A. The RMS voltages measured were then converted into peak-to-peak voltage values for use in equation 3. The resultant experimental B fields for the respective frequencies were then calculated using equation 3, using N = 50 and A = 9x and included in the tables. 3.1 Single Wire Experiment For the single wire experiment, theoretical values for the magnetic flux density at each distance were then calculated using equation 1. A graph of B against the distance from the wire was then plotted for both frequencies and a comparison between experimental and theoretical values made on both graphs. 3.2 Single wire experiment with Ferrite Core With the ferrite core introduced into the search coil, at a frequency of 60kHz, the voltage across the search coil was measured and a graph of the induced EMF, V, against distance plotted. The induced EMF without the ferrite core is also plotted for reference. 3.3 Double Wire Experiment For the double wire experiment, two theoretical values for the magnetic flux density were calculated; one for the magnetic flux induced by the fixed wire and one for the magnetic flux induced by the short connection wire. These were both calculated using equation 1, using a reference of +0cm for the short connection and +15cm for the fixed wire. These values were then combined using the principle of superposition and an overall theoretical value for magnetic flux density at each distance calculated. Again, a graph of B against the distance from the wire was plotted for both frequencies and a comparison between experimental and theoretical values made on both graphs. It was expected that as the distance of the search coil away from the fixed wire increased, the voltage induced across the coil would decrease and therefore the magnetic flux density, B, would also decrease. A comparison of the experimental and theoretical data points from figures 3 and 4 shows a clear correlation between the two calculations, confirming the theory discussed in section 2 of the report. The slight discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical values can be accredited to possible electromagnetic interference (EMI) from the long connection lead, inducing unwanted voltages across the coil and affecting the accuracy of the results. The scale of magnetic flux is affected by the angle at which the flux density and the surface interact such that , where ÃŽÂ ¸ is angle between the magnetic flux, B, and the normal to the surface. When the normal to the coil is parallel to the wire, ÃŽÂ ¸ = 90 ° and therefore cos(ÃŽÂ ¸) = 0, proposing that the theoretical value of magnetic flux is 0. When the coil was placed perpendicular to the fixed wire, a voltage of 0.541mV was measured, which can be approximated to 0V. The small induced voltage can be considered due to the presence of a background magnetic field. With the ferrite introduced into the search coil, the emf induced in the coil is measured to be significantly larger than with no ferrite present, as can be seen from figure 5. Due to the high magnetic permeability of a compound such as a ferrite, the magnetic field produced by the coil is concentrated in the core material, reducing the effects of EMI and increasing the induced emf in the coil. (10) In the double wire experiment, the voltage induced in the search coil is created through a combination of the magnetic fields produced from both the fixed wire and the short wire. Because it is a series circuit, the current is flowing in opposite directions in each of the wires and consequently, from the right-hand rule, the magnetic fields from each wire are also acting in opposite directions, demonstrated in figure 8. Therefore, it would be expected that the induced voltage across the coil, and subsequently the magnetic flux, B, would be smaller than those measured in the single wire experiment and this is confirmed through the values shown in Appendix A. As the coil is moved away from the wires, the magnetic field weakens but at a decreased rate as the distance increases; therefore, we would expect a graph displaying a reciprocal nature, achieved in figures 3 and 4. To conclude, the experiment outlined in this report was successful in demonstrating the effects of magnetic fields produced by long wires and the effects of ferrite on the emf induced in a coil, successfully validating the theory from section 2 that the magnitude of the magnetic flux field, B, is proportional to the reciprocal of the distance of the coil from the wire. However, the consistently higher experimental values compared to the theoretical values clearly demonstrates the possible disturbances arising from the interaction between two different magnetic fields and highlights the need to minimise these to achieve accurate results. Through the introduction of a ferrite core, this experiment was successful in demonstrating a simple method for this. The findings from this experiment are statistically insignificant due to the nature of the apparatus used and the various possible sources of error, both systematic, because of EMI, and human, arising from the low level of accuracy when measuring distances and ensuring the coil remains parallel to the wire. However, the experiment was useful in showing the basic relationship between distance and the strength of magnetic flux, as well as highlighting the importance of finding solutions to reduce the effects of EMI on induced voltages and introducing a simple method for realizing this. [1] Encyclopaedia Britannica, Magnetic Field, Encyclopaedia Brittanica, [Online]. Available: https://www.britannica.com/science/magnetic-field. [Accessed 19 October 2016]. [2] M. Rouse, Electromagnetic Field, March 2010. [Online]. Available: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/electromagnetic-field. [Accessed 20 October 2016]. [3] Institute of Physics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2012. [Online]. Available: www.iop.org/education/teacher/resources/teaching-medical-physics/magnetic/file_56290.pdf. [Accessed 20 October 2016]. [4] K. Bonsor, Maglev Train, 13 October 2000. [Online]. Available: http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/maglev-train.htm. [Accessed 19 October 2016]. [5] M. Williams, Use of Electromagnets, 13 January 2016. [Online]. Available: http://www.universetoday.com/39295/uses-of-electromagnets/. [Accessed 21 October 2016]. [6] Andi, What is electromagnetic interference and how does it affect us?, [Online]. Available: https://www.westfloridacomponents.com/blog/what-is-electromagnetic-interference-emi-and-how-does-it-affect-us/. [Accessed 21 October 2016]. [7] M. Soleimani, Faradays Law, University of Bath, 2016. [8] D. Wood, Amperes Law: Definiton Examples, [Online]. Available: http://study.com/academy/lesson/amperes-law-definition-examples.html. [Accessed 22 October 2016]. [9] Hyper Physics, Faradays Law, [Online]. Available: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:85jQ17DaK1wJ:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html+cd=2hl=enct=clnkgl=uk. [Accessed 21 October 2016]. [10] Wikipedia, Magnetic Core, [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core. [Accessed 23 October 2016]. Single Wire Single Wire with Ferrite Core Double Wire

The Democratization of American Christianity :: Book Review, Nathan Hatch

The Democratization of American Christianity, by Nathan Hatch, is written about â€Å"the cultural and religious history of the early American republic and the enduring structures of American Christianity† (3). Hatch writes to make two arguments: 1) the theme of democratization is central to understanding the development of American Christianity, and 2) the years of the early republic are the most crucial in revealing to process that took and is still taking place. The story of the democratization of American Christianity begins with the population boom in America from the Revolution up to 1845. Hatch writes that during this boom, â€Å"American Christianity became a mass enterprise† (4). This mass enterprise is reviewed through five traditions in the early nineteenth century: the Christian movement, the Methodists, the Baptists, the black churches, and the Mormons. Hatch explains that these major American movements were led by young men who shared â€Å"an ethic of unrelenting toil, a passion for expansion, a hostility to orthodox belief and style, a zeal for religious reconstruction, and a systematic plan to realize their ideals† (4). These leaders changed the scope of American Christianity by orientating toward democratic or populist ideals. Their movements offered both individual potential and collective aspiration, which were ideas ready to be grasped by the young and booming population. These early leaders had a vision of a faith that disregarded social standing, and taught all to think, interpret, and organize their faith for themselves. It was a faith of â€Å"religious populism, reflecting the passions of ordinary people and the charisma of democrati c movement-builders† (5). New brands of distinctly American Christianity began developing early in the country’s history. Before the revolution, George Whitefield set the stage for American religious movements. The most important factor that helped launch these movements was the American Revolution. The country was ripe with conversation and action on a new understanding of freedom. The revolution â€Å"expanded the circle of people who considered themselves capable of thinking for themselves about issues of †¦ equality, sovereignty, and representation† (6). The country was beginning to move toward an understanding of strength lying in the common people, and the people’s ability to make their own personal decisions on issues of leadership and authority. There was a common belief that class structure was the major societal problem. The revolution created the an open environment that pushed equality of the individual, allowing political and religious beliefs to flourish and grow with out being held in check by authoritarian leaders.

State of the Nation: The Seven Years War

A. Why might some scholars call the Seven Years War the â€Å"Great War for Empire†? B. Is it accurate to describe the Seven Years War as the â€Å"Great War for Empire† and as the â€Å"First Worldwide War†? C. What role did Indians play in the causes and consequences of the war? D. Did the war set the stage for the American Revolution? In 1756, Britain declared war on France, which is known as to today to be the beginning of the Seven Years’ War. Some Scholars might call the Seven Years’ War the â€Å"Great War for Empires† because France ceded its major North American holdings to Britain. Because of Frances’s losses, Britain gained control of the continent’s fir trade. Another reason in why some scholars may call the Seven Years’ War the â€Å"Great War for Empire† is because it chained into an expansion of British colonies. In 1763, Local Indians started feel the impact of the British’s win. Some Indians known as the Creeks and Cherokees were some of the most upset, because they were not able to turn to France or Spain in case of Britain not giving them any kind of concessions no more. In desperation, and retaliation for British atrocities, Cherokees attacked the Carolina and Virginia frontiers in 1760(Norton, 112). Even though the Indian were victorious, they were easily defeated the following year. Late in 1761, a treaty allowed the construction of British forts in the Cherokee territories and opened a large tract to European settlement.

The Production Process of M

Raw Materials M&Ms' have two main components, hardened liquid chocolate and the hard candy shell. Liquid chocolate comes from a blend of whole milk, cocoa butter, sugar, and chocolate liquor, among other ingredients. The candy shell is made from a blend of sugar and corn syrup. The Production Process 1 The liquid chocolate is poured into tiny molds to create the chocolate centers of the candy. 2 After the candies are formed, they are â€Å"tumbled† to make the chocolate center smooth and rounded.Then they are allowed to harden. 3 When the chocolates are hard, they are transported via conveyor belt to the coating area, where the process called panning is performed. 4 During panning, the chocolates are rotated in large containers as liquid candy made of sugar and corn syrup is sprayed onto them. 5 The color is added to a finishing syrup and applied as the final coat. Each batch is a different color. The liquid candy dries into the hardened shell. The single-colored batches are c ombined into the mixtures of red, yellow, blue, green, brown, and orange. They are then transported to the machine that stamps the â€Å"m† on the shells. 7 A special packaging machine weighs the candies, pours the proper amount into individual bags, and heat-seals the package. 8 The finished packages are moved along a conveyor belt to a machine that assembles the shipping cartons and fills them with the appropriate number of candy packages. The machine also seals the cartons shut.

Constitutional Law and European Integration

There are few cases that rival Factortame in being concurrently substantively clear and decisive, and perplexing as to its full impact. The scope of the change to the UK constitution that has been instigated by it and other European Court of Justice decisions has been conceptualised as ranging from a ‘legal evolution’ to ‘revolution’. Although some theories are more convincing than others, each faces its own weaknesses.However, notwithstanding the conclusion of this particular speculative debate, the processes of European integration has undoubtedly quickened the pace at which UK Parliament and courts as part of a globalised world have had to squarely confront these constitutional changes, especially the departure from Parliament’s stronghold over the constitution. A Diceyan view of the UK constitution is no longer compatible with the current relationship between UK and EU law.It was decided in Factortame and confirmed in Equal Opportunities Commissio n, that the implications of the European Communities Act 1972 s. 2(4) is that EU law has supremacy in the case of clashes between EU and national laws. Within the orthodox view that Parliament is absolutely sovereign, inconsistencies between Acts of Parliament are to be dealt with by applying the doctrine of explicit or implied repeal to give effect to the later Act which is simply another illustration of how no Parliament can bind its successors.It would never have been open to national courts to declare provisions within primary statute incompatible with EC law either temporarily or permanently as it is today. However, so long as UK remains a part of the EU, EU law will prevail when inconsistencies arise and any derogation from this position will have to be done expressly and unequivocally. Therefore, even if the current position of Parliamentary sovereignty cannot clearly be defined, Factortame and EOC alone emphasise the unworkability of a Diceyan view of Parliamentary sovereign ty in an European context.A radical but yet convincing argument that conceptualises the constitutional implications suggests that, EU law is able to place a substantive limit on Parliament’s law making authority on overlapping areas because being a member state has partially changed the rule of recognition of Parliamentary sovereignty. Although this necessitates presupposing Parliamentary sovereignty is a legal principle, not a purely political one, it seems justified because instead of accepting Parliament to be sovereign merely by its existence, it allows for a justification based on normative rguments. This is important considering that the UK is a modern democracy and intrinsically different to the state it was in when the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty was originally developed. Being a legal phenomenon, the scope of Parliamentary sovereignty evolves through the judgments of the court which provides a more balanced and legitimate decision than considering just a po litical aspect because the political realities are still considered but are weighted against other principles such as the rule of obedience to statutes.Furthermore, courts are gradually developing the idea that the authority of Parliament to make law is something that is subject to, and therefore controllable by constitutional law. For example, in the domestic case of Anisminic, the scope of Parliament’s authority to confer on public authorities powers which are not subject to judicial review was sharply limited. Thus, the effect of ECJ decisions on the constitution has been to develop it to a stage where Parliament is no longer sovereign at times when, and only when, inconsistencies between EU and national law occur within a field where both laws operate.On the other hand, Sir William Wade would argue that ‘constitutional revolution’ rather than a mere evolution has resulted. However, this argument is not only at odds with Lord Bridge’s judgement but lack s plausibility in itself. He explains that the courts have acted unconstitutionally and shifted their allegiance because Parliamentary sovereignty being a ‘rule of recognition’and a solely political norm, is a constitutional fixture which may only be ‘diminished’ as a matter of practical politics.There is a real difficulty in accepting this because it would suggest judicial whim may reverse a commitment that was reached democratic consensus among all branches of government and wider society through public referendum. This formidable weakness of Sir William Wade’s argument supports viewing Parliamentary sovereignty as, at least partly, a legal concept. Although the theory that it is possible for the EU to place substantive limits to Parliamentary sovereignty accommodates the ‘voluntary’ contractual argument and ‘functional requirement of EU’ arguments that Lord Bridge presents, it is not without limitations either.It fits wel l with Lord Bridge’s alternative reasonings because they suggest that Parliament does have the power to limit its own powers and that the present conflict should be tackled on principled bases. This is important because legal phenomenon arise out of case law and albeit sparse, his judgment was the only one to address the topic. However, the persuasiveness of this argument is reduced by the fact that it simply leads us to another equally difficult question of what legal means set the width of its powers.The judges themselves seem to be in disagreement amongst each other about this as Lord Hope says ‘measures enacted by Parliament’ itself whereas Laws LJ says the unwritten constitution as interpreted by the judges which seems legitimate but in practical terms, leaves everything just as uncertain. So far only the implications of ECJ case law has been discussed but there are other elements to European integration such as the doctrine of direct effect and the European Union Act 2011 which have affected the development of the UK constitution.These developments suggest that the â€Å"new view† is the most plausible representation of Parliamentary sovereignty today because referendum locks and the possibility for individuals to present a case in national courts on law derived from sources other than Parliament present limitations on Parliamentary sovereignty but not in the substantive sense discussed above. Proponents of the â€Å"new view† view that ultimate sovereignty remains with Parliament but it may have to conform to certain manner and form limitations.The appealing factor of this model is that it also accommodates for the limitations that Human Rights Act proposes on Parliamentary legal authority as well. Yet it is problematic in that the EU has explicitly stated in s2 of the ECA that on at least an EU level, Union law is regarded as supreme and this theory fails to encompass this dimension of the relationship between domestic and EU law. Most importantly, it accentuates how the increasingly multi-layered nature of the constitution must be taken into account in the broader debate.The holding of a point of absolute power faces pressure from outside as well as inside the nation. When the broader question of whether we should be edging away from political and towards a more legal constitution is considered in light of the multi-tiered constitutionalism arising from the Parliamentary Acts of 1911 & 1949, Human Rights Act, Devolution as well as EU membership, it would seem that to maintain a wholly political view of Parliamentary sovereignty in any context would be to deny reality.However, anything more exact requires us to assess what balance between adaptability and elasticity from maintaining a political constitution, and protected rights and principles from a legal constitution will provide the checks and balances necessary in dealing with the legal and political challenges of today. Due to declining publ ic reputation of Parliament and diminishing respect for political process generally, as well as the aim of Parliamentary sovereignty having originally been to secure the broadest possible basis for ensuring democracy and legitimacy, we may not have to be so uneasy about adopting a more legal constitution.The UK constitution must embrace the emphasis it has always placed on a dynamic experience and once again, like with the case of devolution, make a smooth transition before political repercussions manifest themselves. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd [1990] ECR I-2433 [ 2 ]. Paul Craig, ‘Britain in the European Union’ in The Changing Constitution (7th ed, 2011) pg120 [ 3 ]. HWR Wade, ‘Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? ’ [1996] 112 LQR 568 [ 4 ].R v Secretary of State for Employment ex parte Equal Opp ortunities Commission [1995] 1 AC 1 [ 5 ]. HWR Wade, ‘The Basis of Legal Sovereignty’ [1955] CLJ 174 [ 6 ]. Paul Craig, pg121 [ 7 ]. 17th century –Glorious Revolution, Bill of Rights [ 8 ]. TRS Allan, ‘Parliamentary Sovereignty: Law, Politics, and Revolution’ [1997] 113 LQR 447 [ 9 ]. Mark Elliott and Robert Thomas, ‘Public Law’ (2011, Oxford) pg334 [ 10 ]. Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147 [ 11 ]. Wade, ‘Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? ’ [ 12 ]. HLA Hart, ‘The Concept of Law’ (1996, Claredon Press) [ 13 ].Wade, ‘Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? ’ [ 14 ]. UK European Communities membership referendum 1975 [ 15 ]. Lord Bridge in Factortame [ 16 ]. Paul Craig ‘Britain in the European Union’ in Jowell and Oliver (eds) TheChanging Constitution (7th edn, Oxford, 2007) pg 121 [ 17 ]. Jackson v Attorney-General [2005] UKHL 56 [ 18 ]. Thoburn v Sunderland Ci ty Council [2002] EWHC 195 [ 19 ]. Sir I. Jennings, The Law and the Constitution (1959) ch. 4 [ 20 ]. Jonathan Sumption ‘Judicial and Political Decision-making: The Uncertain Boundary’ [2011] Judicial Review 301

How should Today's Youth Combat Negative Moral Influences Essay

How should Today's Youth Combat Negative Moral Influences - Essay Example As the essay declares some youth have psychological problems that make social and academic success difficult. Some attend disorganized and disruptive schools and fail to engage in academic pursuits. Some live in chaotic neighborhoods with few resources or outlets for positive social activities. Some are excluded from peer groups and have few, if any, wholesome friends. These risk factors, particularly when several are present, increase the likelihood of negative behavior and indulging in violence. Conditions such as maltreatment or neglect by family members, friends, and society increase the chance that a youth will make unhealthy or unlawful choices. This paper stresses that several studies show that conditions such as poverty, unemployment, poor education, discrimination, and despair lay the foundation for alcohol and other drug-related problems. These conditions must be alleviated. There are several strategies identified that could help today’s youth to combat negative moral influences. The first and foremost is the willingness of the individual to change themselves. A coordinated effort from the family, schools and the society is essential in order to create such willingness among individuals. Besides, it is important to focus on increasing skills or abilities of the youth and it is equally vital to focus on changing and improving social systems that create these conditions. Parental care is one of the most important issues widely discussed in relation to shaping the future of children.

Global Sea Level to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations Term Paper

Global Sea Level to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations - Term Paper Example Ice sheets were missing in Greenland and in the western regions of Antarctica. The huge ice sheet covering the eastern part of Antarctica was also responsible for the increasing level of the sea. Several controversies and studies have been ongoing on an understanding of how the ice sheets melt and increase the level of the sea (Parry). The present study focuses on the issue and discussion of the rising level of the sea as much as 70 feet for the future generations, which is a matter of serious concern for the world as a whole. Global Sea Level to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations: Research studies have reflected on the issue of increasing level of the sea in the future that may be around 40-7 feet higher than in the present times. Even if the world becomes successful in limiting the global warming on earth, yet such a possibility remains significant, as research studies have revealed. A research team had been led by Kenneth G. Miller, a professor of earth and planetary s ciences in the School of Arts and Sciences at Rutgers University, for the study of the levels of sea and the possible consequences of such a situation. The team made studies on rocks and parts of soil in the regions of Virginia, Eniwetok Atoll located in the Pacific and New Zealand, and concluded their studies (â€Å"Global Sea Level Likely to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations†). ... This situation has the capability of affecting the lives of almost 70 percent of the world population. It has also been estimated that such melting of the ice sheets would require hundreds to thousands of years of time. The existing course for the 21st century global increase of sea level is 2 to 3 feet owing to oceans warming up, partial melting of mountain glaciers, and partial melting of Greenland and Antarctica (â€Å"Global Sea Level Likely to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generations†). Miller in his studies also focused on the fact that the great ice sheets in the earth are highly sensitive to changes in temperatures. Hence even a mild change in temperature has the ability to increase the levels of the sea to greater extents. According to him, with the present levels of carbon dioxide, the natural condition of the earth reflects sea levels that are up to 20 meters higher than normal state (â€Å"Global Sea Level Likely to Rise as Much as 70 Feet for Future Generat ions†). Antarctic and Greenland are the only ice sheets that are present in the current times. The ice sheet of the Antarctica has been found to be the largest ice sheet on earth representing a single piece of ice mass. The ice sheet of Greenland occupies about 82% of the plane of Greenland. Melting of this ice sheet might cause increase in sea levels by as much as 7.2 metres. The rate of melting of the Greenland ice sheet has been found to be about 239 cubic kilometres in a year on average (â€Å"Ice Sheet†). Sea Level and the Climate on Earth: The global rise in the level of the sea has been found to have a significant linkage with the climate on the earth. In the last 100 years, the climate of the earth has been increased by 1

Journal Analysis Australian Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal Analysis Australian Law - Essay Example ad issued public statements that were â€Å"misleading the customers and the public.† It can be recalled that SF, previously considered as one of the foremost financial planners of the nation, began to crumble when it defaulted payments of debts, that ran by tens of million, to the CB. Underpinning this financial collapse was the company’s failure to issue margin calls to hundreds of its clients whose securities have fallen below margin minimum requirements after the sharemarket plunged. The company was forced to place itself under voluntary administration after CB gave it just one day to pay its debts (O’Shaughnessy 2009). As indicated above, the SF case seems to have catalyzed allegations of deception and misrepresentation being bandied back and forth from one side to another. Initially, SF had accused CB of misleading its clients to think that the former has the sole responsibility to advise them on margin loans. The banking institution, on the other hand, now accuses SF to be guilty of the same thing with regards to statements it has issued to the public. The doctrine of misleading conduct under the Australian corporate law is embodied in different Commonwealth Acts. In the Trade Practices Act of 1974, for example, s 52 thereof specifically prohibits corporations engage in trade and commerce from conduct precisely described therein as â€Å"misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive. A follow-up provision under the same law is s 53 which enumerates ten misleading acts. The enumerated conduct are, among others, â€Å"falsely represent that services are of a particular standard, quality, value or grade† and â€Å"make a false or misleading representation concerning the existence, exclusion or effect of any condition, warranty, guarantee or, right or remedy† (s 53, Trade Practices Act 1974). On the other hand, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 (ASIC) likewise have a corresponding provision touching on the doctrine of

The thoughts of King Corn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The thoughts of King Corn - Essay Example The argument is supported by other biologist in the movie. These biologists cover the several issues that have been highlighted in the movie. Actually, the major challenge of obesity in the American population is control of overconsumption of beef and corn products. This challenge can be addressed effectively by researching on the impact of genetically modified corn on the health of humans and animals especially cattle (Cheney and Ellis). Overconsumption of corn in the movie and the inclusion of corn in the diet of both animals and humans are illustrated effectively using the resultant health effects of the action. Genetically modified foods are an issue of great concern for the society today due to the increasing obesity and animal deaths. The movie captures the problem effectively through the agricultural journey of the two friends. In addition, the inclusion of the different perspectives of the interviewed biologist illustrates the impact of corn agriculture in America. Consequently, the increase in obesity among the American population has been linked with the excessive consumption of corn by humans and cattle. Both the direct and indirect overconsumption of the corn is considered the main threat to positive and good

Juno American Feature Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juno American Feature Film - Essay Example Juno has a very basic story line as well as concept attached to the tale; it is about a young girl trying to explore the nooks and crannies of intimacy and relationships without understanding the implications that might arise along with the same. The film has been directed in a very concise manner making use of pencil stylized ‘rotoscoped’ images right from the credits in the beginning, making use of animation in order to help the audience understand the maturity level of the girl and the kind of colourful life that she always wanted to live for herself. This entire sequence took a period of seven to eight months to be mastered as each and every shot that follows Juno on her way to the medical pharmacy was taken in short screenings. The set design is incredible, assisting in providing the film with a touch of wonder. The various characters within the movie have been portrayed in a very interesting manner. The director has taken his time to choose the main protagonists an d provide them with a different twist. Juno is a young teenage girl who comes off a little strong on the first meeting with everyone. The lighting during the course of the film is a light and well maintained one without any qualms as such, helping to show the warmth emanating from the characters at different points throughout the course of the movie. Full of sarcasm, Juno helps to put an indie spin in the movie and gives a very intense performance with her dominating nature and need to control everything that might not even be in her reach. However, she understands where she went wrong by getting pregnant but decides to bring about a change in a couple’s life with the help of her baby who she is willing to give up in order to make someone else happy. There was a vast amount of dramatisation in the film played by the other characters, namely Juno’s parents which helped to calm the situation by making her understand what she had gone through, and helping her come out wit h a solution rather than screaming at her and making her feel the pain of the implications and consequences that she was already suffering. The two characters acted in an excellent manner, almost very real and lifelike, helping parents all around to understand how to cope with their children if they befall such a similar situation in their future. The entire design of the film is based on the four seasons of the year and the film has thus been divided into four aspects with different materials used to give the picture of the various seasons that passed by. For example, the use of fake flora and flowers were made in order to depict spring taking place. Fans were used in order to blow leaves and flowers around in order to show autumn and the shedding of leaves and trees. The use of fake cherry blossom trees were also made to make the set look more real. Different colours were also used wisely by the director as he tried to use each colour to signify the weather on the outside. For exa mple, the opening sequence of the movie shows Juno walking in a red hoodie jacket, walking through sombre coloured green and brown lush greenery around her (Sciretta). Juno’s bedroom as well was a very cleverly designed set as it helped to appeal to the minds of most young teenagers, showing how most young people keep their rooms; messy as

Benefits and Negatives of Bankruptcy Essay Example for Free

Benefits and Negatives of Bankruptcy Essay Bankruptcy is briefly defined as a process in which debtor obtains relief from his/her debts through the court. The relief varies in form and it includes full partial discharge of the debt or the nuisance of an imbursement plan consistent with the debtor’s financial means. (Larson, 2000) Types of bankruptcy vary according to its function. One of the most common types of bankruptcy is â€Å"Chapter 7† or â€Å"Straight Bankruptcy† or â€Å"Liquidation. † This is also known as Personal Bankruptcy. Another is â€Å"Chapter 11†, which is primarily used by businesses. There is also â€Å"Chapter 13† or â€Å"Wage-Earner Bankruptcy. † Finally, â€Å"Chapter 20† bankruptcy is the process of filing of a â€Å"Chapter 7† bankruptcy to discharge unsecured debts, followed by â€Å"Chapter 13. † (Larson, 2000) Because of the robberies and troubles with the call center, the call center might file bankruptcy, in which it has already owed the firm over $40,000,000. In this case, we are in tasked of finding the consequences of the call center filing bankruptcy. What are the benefits and negatives if the call center will file bankruptcy? Brown and Seeyle emphasized that bankruptcy is neither a personal nor an emotional decision. Rather, it is a financial decision based on the amount of debt and the present ability to repay debts. When the expected time period of repayment exceeds the time it would take to rebuild credit, just like in the call center’s case, then it is the time to consider bankruptcy. At this place in time, the call center has accumulated more debt than they can be able to repay in the near future. The call center will possibly benefit greatly from filing bankruptcy. This will be debt-free start. By filing bankruptcy, the call center has the chance to rebuild and re-establish their credit in line with the law. (Brown Seelye, 2008) Meanwhile, there is a widely held misconception of Bankruptcy in which Ben Franklin from Franklin Debt Relief explained, wherein â€Å"it’s the debtor’s version of the â€Å"get out of jail free† card in Monopoly. † Most people know that bankruptcy affects credits for 7-10 years; little did they know that they may have to pay back the debt anyway. Franklin stated the formal definition of bankruptcy as â€Å"a proceeding in federal court in which an insolvent debtor’s assets are liquidated and the debtor is relieved of further liability. † It may also come out as â€Å"the process of completing your debts for free. † (Franklin, 2008) In this manner, the call center, even with bankruptcy, still have to pay back portion of the debt. The call center, in any circumstances, may avoid filing bankruptcy. The most possible solution is that the Call center’s assets be sold to earn sufficient funds and later pay the firm. However, if the firm may prove that the call center has intentions of not paying the firm, then it’s the best way for the call center not to file bankruptcy. The call center will still have to pay the firm back. Chapter 7 Bankruptcy or straight bankruptcy, a popular form of bankruptcy, permits the defaulter to start all over again. This is generally filed by those who have not any enough funds to pay for their debt. If the call center has no hope in paying their debts to the law firm, then they should file Chapter 7 Bankruptcy. However, this may ruin their credits and they will still be responsible for their debt. They will also pay attorneys who will work in the case. In this case, the call center may consider filing Chapter 13. As for chapter 13, it is the reorganization of an individual consumers debt with a new payment schedule. If the call center has assets they want to protect Chapter 13 is another way. However, Chapter 13 ruins the credit. It will remain on the call center’s credit for up to 10 years. The call center, on another point, may have to consider credit counseling or a debt management agency. References Brown Seelye. The Decision to File. Washington State Law Firm. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from http://www. brownandseelye. com/bankruptcy375/thedecisiontofile. html Franklin, Ben. Avoiding Bankruptcy Franklin Debt Relief. Retrieve February 1, 2008, from http://www. franklindebtrelief. com/avoid-bankruptcy. html Larson, Aaron. (2000). Bankruptcy Law – An Overview. Law Offices of Aaron Larson. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from http://www. expertlaw. com/library/bankruptcy/bankruptcy. html Chapter 13 and 7 Bankruptcies. American Bankruptcy Courts. Retrieved February 3, 2008, from http://www. bankruptcy-courts. net. /chapter-13. html

internal audit proficiency and internal controls

internal audit proficiency and internal controls LITERATURE REVIEW 9.0 Introduction This chapter is a review of the related literature generated by the researcher on the subject of study. The chapter entails the relationship between internal audit proficiency and internal controls; internal controls and corporate governance; internal audit proficiency and risk management; internal controls and risk management; and risk management and corporate governance. 9.1 Internal Audit Proficiency Internal auditors should possess the knowledge, skills, and other competencies needed to perform their individual responsibilities. The internal audit activity collectively should possess or obtain the knowledge, skills, and other competencies needed to perform its responsibilities. The internal auditor should have sufficient knowledge to identify the indicators of fraud but is not expected to have the expertise of a person whose primary responsibility is detecting and investigating fraud. (IIA, 2007). The rationale is that internal auditors experiences, knowledge and education are most valuable to management (Giselle, 2000). 9.2 Internal Audit Proficiency and Internal Controls From the definition of internal auditing, the objective of internal auditing not only includes involvement in governance but also highlights the importance of evaluating and improving control and risk management (IIA, 2007). Most internal audit professionals argue that an effective internal audit function clearly correlates with an organisations success in meeting management objectives and whether the internal control system is functioning as intended (Faudziah et al, 2005). The effectiveness of internal audit greatly contributes to the effectiveness of each auditee in particular and the organization at large (Dittenhofer, 2001). Dittenhofer (2001) also observed that, if internal audit quality is maintained, it will contribute to the appropriateness of procedures and operations in the organization. Therefore, internal audit proficiency is seen as an important attribute to the quality of the internal audit function and the way it adds value to the internal control frame work. The Institute of Internal Auditors Standard 1210 on proficiency of auditors, requires that internal auditors posse the knowledge, skill and other competencies needed to perform their responsibilities (IIA, 2007). Internal audit effectiveness is determined by the internal audit departments capability to provide useful findings and recommendations and to prove that it is of value to the organization and promotes good governance within the organization. Internal auditors need specific technical skills and to be seen to undertake continual professional development to keep up to date with changing business practices and remain capable of providing a value-added service in their audit approach (Giselle, 2000). They should therefore be experts in the area of internal control and should use their skills and expertise to evaluate internal control systems of their organizations and recommend improvements that will greatly contribute to good governance. According to Jan Cattrysse (2005), internal audit could have an important input based on their experience from independent monitoring operations or previous occurrences of wrongdoing. 9.3 Internal Audit Proficiency and Risk Management. The role of internal audit is to provide objective assurance to those charged with governance and management on the adequacy and effectiveness of the risk management framework, help in improving the processes by which risks are identified and managed, help in strengthening and improving the risk management framework. According to (Herdman 2002; Richards 2002; Bailey et al. 2003; Gramling et al. 2004; Carcello et al. 2005b; Deloitte 2005; Gadziala 2005), the internal audit function plays a unique and critical role in corporate governance by monitoring organizational risks and helping ensure financial reporting reliability. Chris Jeffrey (2008) asked that, if an internal audit group does not clearly understand the industry, how could it decipher what the greatest risks to the organization were? In order to do all this, internal auditors need to be skilled and experienced on how risk management works. They also need to gain a better understanding of the key business risks and the impact they can have on the organizations ability to build shareholder value (risk assessment). Internal auditors must also be able to assess the responses to key exposures and determine if those responses are sufficient or relevant (Gerrit and Ignace, 2006). Spira Page (2003), note that the recent corporate governance guidelines assume that risks can be objectively identified, quantified and thus strategically managed. Consequently, expertise in risk management techniques and knowledge about the internal control system become a source of power which enables internal auditors to advance and play an important role within their organization. Companies facing higher risk will increase their organizational monitoring through internal audit, providing evidence of the importance of the internal audit function (Colin et al, 2008). Lastly, according to Ian William, (2007), one external auditor commented that the internal audit profession had been trying to reposition itself over the last six or seven years from being relatively unfashionable function: â€Å"Im not saying that it was just re-badging. They have been taking on new skills and repositioning themselves more as risk advisory/ management people†. 9.4 Internal Controls and Risk Management. According to the new definition of internal controls by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA, 2007), controls do not exist in a vacuum and implies, rather, that controls exist to assist organizations in managing risk and promoting governance processes. A companys system of internal controls has a key role in the management of risks that are significant to the fulfillment of its business objectives. It is important to note therefore, that a sound system of internal control provides reasonable, but not absolute, assurance that a company will not be hindered in achieving its business objectives by circumstances which may reasonably be foreseen. Risk in a financial context is generally understood to be the potential for financial loss consequent on fraud and incompetence. Although it is widely understood that such risk can never be entirely eliminated, it is generally believed that a system of internal control will act as a deterrent to fraud and a protection against incompetence (Spira Page, 2003). Gerrit Ignace, (2006), noted that internal controls are only one of the means to manage key organizational risks. Other devices used to manage risks include the transfer of risks to third parties, sharing risks and the withdrawal from unacceptably risky activities. 9.5 Risk Management and Corporate Governance From an agency perspective, the importance of strong governance stems from the need to align the interests of management with other stakeholders in the firm in order to reduce agency costs (Cohen et al., 2002). One of corporate governance mechanisms that can be used to monitor managements behaviour is internal audit (Davidson et al., 2005). Internal auditors are certainly exhorted in the professional literature to embrace the opportunity to contribute to the achievement of corporate objectives through risk management (Gerrit Ignace, 2006). 9.6 Internal Controls and Corporate Governance