navl operation amer cival war essays

navl activity amer cival war papers Maritime OPERATIONS DURING THE CIVIL WAR Toward the start of the Civil War in 1861, there was little motivation to speculate that the United States Navy would assume a major job in the war. The Confederate Navy had positively no naval force, nor did they can make one. The south didn't contain a solitary plant that could make a marine motor. (Carrison, page #17) The administration of the Confederate States got in progress in the spring of 1861, absolutely ill-equipped from a maritime angle to maintain the freedom it had pronounced. (Confederate Forces Afloat, page #1) The Confederacy did not have the satisfactory way to lead a hostile of protective war. (http://sunsite.unc.edu/page 1a) They required boats to protect its long coastline and inland conduits, to convey war to its northern shores, or to direct the remote exchange, crucial to its reality. To this disheartening standpoint was added however constrained plan to securing or building a naval force. By the by, propelled assurance and creativity manifested especially by the in excess of 300 capable officials who left the United States Navy to help the southern reason. These men finished in the fast appearance of many fluctuated sorts of powers above water under the Confederate banner. (http://sunsite.unc.edu/page 2a) The States Navy gave the establishment to the occasions to follow. The withdrawing states reallocated little United States ships, for example, income cutters, coast study boats, and beacon tenders. They bought others from northern proprietors just as southern proprietors. They immediately began building extra vessels more qualified for fighting. (http://sunsite.unc.edu page #2a) Also, the states that withdrew consequently took with them the maritime powers they had just amassed. As the war went on, the alliance made a superior guard for their significant ports, inland conduits, and the souths immense coastline. The better protection incorporated the ironclads and th... <!

The Morphing of Child Pornography Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Transforming of Child Porn   â At issue under the steady gaze of the Circuit Courts has been the lawfulness of the 1996 Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA) in which Congress tried to modernize government law by improving its capacity to battle kid erotic entertainment in the internet era(Free Speech). There is a part in the circuit courts with respect to this bill, and this exposition will address the error.  This bit of enactment arranges a picture that seems, by all accounts, to be or passes on the impression of a minor participating in explicitly express goes about as virtual kid erotic entertainment. Such pictures incorporate a photo of a genuine kid that might be filtered, duplicated and controlled by PC to make an explicitly arranged photograph, or a completely phony youngster that might be created exclusively by PC designs.  Congress perceived an escape clause in the youngster erotic entertainment law, in that mechanical enhancements have made it feasible for kid pornographers to utilize PCs to transform or adjust honest pictures of real kids to make a composite picture demonstrating them in explicitly express stances. In light of this Congress planned to (1) boycott PC produced pictures that are for all intents and purposes undefined from those of genuine youngsters, (2) to secure the protection of real kids whose harmless pictures are modified to make explicitly express pictures and (3) to deny kid abusers of a criminal device much of the time used to encourage the sexual maltreatment of kids.  On December 17, 1999, in Free Speech Coalition v. Reno, the Ninth Circuit struck down the law as a substance put together limitation with respect to secured discourse not in advancement of any convincing legislative intrigue in light of the fact that the restricted pictures are not of genuine kids. As indicated by that C... ...guage of the rule adequately barely custom fitted to advance the convincing government enthusiasm for forestalling damage to real kids, in view of validated Congressional discoveries that virtual erotic entertainment was utilized to allure genuine kids into sexual action, and in this manner comported with free discourse ensures.  WORKS CITED: Eleventh Circuit Opinions.â â â â â â â http://www.law.emory.edu/11circuit/nov99/ Free Speech Coalition v. Reno, 198 F.3d 1083 (ninth Cir. 1999), United States v. Hilton, 167 F.3d 61 (first Cir. 1999), United States v. Acheson, 195 F.3d 645 (eleventh Cir. 1999), and United States v. Pearl, 89 F.Supp.2d 1237 (D.Utah 2000). Holder v. Free Speech Coalition, Docket No. 00-795).  â â â â â â â â â â http://www.medill.northwestern.edu/agenda/features2001.html US v Hiltonâ â â â http://www.law.emory.edu/1circuit/july2001/00-2545.01a.html

Coca-Cola Purchase Management

Question: Talk about the Coca-Cola Purchase Management. Answer: Presentation Coca-Cola is a refreshment organization that exchanges a few brands of beverages around the globe. In Australia, the firm offers an assortment of refreshments to its customers legitimately in the wake of assembling the beverage in its few handling plants. Providers are liable for providing items to the plant where the real creation happens. During the time spent looking for crude materials from providers, the firm uses a few rules and rule to show up at the best positioned provider for its crude materials which go in items (Coca-Cola, 2017). The firm exists to serve the wide buyer base in Australia by invigorating and profiting its customers. Thusly, in showing up at the best taste of the item, it is important to make the an appropriate ground where the crude materials are sourced from the best and moral providers who meet its rules. The providers go about as colleagues who convey to the framework materials, for example, drink fixings, bundling materials, just as merchandise and enterprises planned for supporting the assembling procedure. Henceforth, a capable sourcing is basic at making a decent picture and discernment for the firm among its buyers. The examination majors on the provider choice measures and issues managing the objectives promotion needs of Coca-Cola. Then again, it investigates the data innovation that the firm considers in its acquirement activities in this way giving genuine instances of situations where the firm advantages from the innovation (Coca-Cola, 2017). The buying costs contemplations of the venture are checked to find out whether they coordinate with the necessary norms of training. Immediately, the paper dissects the buy the board issues in the business and contrasts them and the principles methods of buying and flexibly the executives. Provider Selection Criteria and Issues at Coca-Cola Provider determination is a basic advance towards achieving the best accomplices for gracefully business. Coca-Cola, as an assembling plant has a few crude materials and bundling materials it needs in its creation stages. For this situation, the firm investigates a wide assortment of choices among providers who produce merchandise at discount costs. The decision of discount costs is educated by the way that the firm looks to sell the items at the most serious value conceivable while ensuring quality for the clients (Coca-Cola, 2017). In this manner, the firm uses various alternatives in choosing items available to be purchased on its site. The Kraljic Portfolio Purchasing Model The model made by Peter Kraljic helps with accomplishing a few buy alternatives towards boosting benefits and lessening costs. The contemplations in the outline educate the Coca-Cola firm on the approaches to investigate in its gracefully chain while staying gainful and addressing societys needs. The four stages aid characterization of buys as indicated by criticalness and numbers, advertise examination of the accessible providers, key situating of a firm towards provisions, and activity intending to convey the best supplies for creation. The three contemplations on whether to adventure, balance, or enhance gracefully sources relies upon the quality of the market and the providers where an appeal for the drinks moves into a high bartering power by the firm to the providers. The firm grasps provider decent variety in its business. Rather from choosing providers from one area, the firm trusts in the way that its providers ought to be spread over the district to speak to the substance of customers it appreciates in the market. In choosing its providers, the firm considers diverse crude and bundling materials sourced at providers over the Australian district. Subsequently, the firm takes part in a few exercises planned for engaging networks over its contribution with the abilities and assets to deliver the crude materials in an offer to catching a huge piece of the overall industry. In this manner, the firm grasps the soul of assorted variety as a determination technique and prerequisite in its provider choice. Moral Sourcing The firm remains clear in its rule by guaranteeing that the materials originate from goals and individuals that training moral creation. Providers are to direct organizations in moral habits which consent to the laws and guidelines of a moral firm. The providers need to peruse the organizations rule and convey the qualities and desires in that to the providers. For example, the firm expects its providers not to flexibly materials containing strife minerals originating from countries, for example, Congo where the providers need to ensure their sources as depicted in the laws. In the wake of investigating a source, the firm would then be able to give a proposal to people. Great Corporate Citizenship The firm in its provider core values specifies the necessities expected on its providers. Coca-Cola Australia underscores on the significance of dependable work environment rehearses that must be gone along by the providers. The firm reviews and draws in its providers in work environment investigation to guarantee the organizations offer the best workplace in the creation procedure of products. The conditions must match those that mirror the responsibility of the firm to regard of human rights and one that offers back to the general public supporting its creation adventures. The standards become some portion of every single authoritative understanding directed between the firm and the providers that ties them to duties in the networks. In guaranteeing the equivalent, the firm uses outsider associations to assess and guarantee the interior condition of providers consent to the gauges set by the firm. Another technique utilized by the firm is open determination where the organization welcomes serious providers to flexibly items for the business by offering items and administrations to the firm. In this manner, the firm permits rivalry where the most elevated bidder figures out how to expand their deals and accordingly the general benefits of the firm (Kumar Kar, Pani, 2014). The firm chooses the providers from the global and local market where it advances individuals with handicap by considering them in their flexibly adventures. Various choices is additionally entreated by the firm where one product can be provided by various people in satisfying the needs in the market. the firm does as such to have a consistent gracefully of wares and in providing food for the requirements of its differing populace. Grasping a wide provider determination helps the firm to reach to the few enormous and little scope business in this manner advancing them while developing its impact among the purchasers. For example, the organization sources bundling materials from ladies possessed organizations, individuals with handicap, and adolescents in the general public. In this manner, it puts the gracefully classification to a few people as long as they meet the moral arrangements and prerequisites given by the firm. ICT for Purchasing Operations The utilization of ICT in obtainment is fundamental to the achievement of organizations in various areas. For organizations to stay beneficial and satisfy the needs of the market there is a need to use the chances of innovation to investigate the market requests (Memon, Lee, Mari, 2015). Choosing buy sources from the web offers a firm a wide chance to spread its dangers and get the best organization with a decent notoriety and survey from the purchasers. The obtainment experts have important aptitudes fundamental to adjusting costs, satisfying social concerns, overseeing supplies and utilizing innovation in increasing an upper hand. Buying office utilizes the differing data on the Internet to help in their acquisition adventures. For instance, the firm uses the online accessibility of data on Google destinations and other discount organizations giving discount supplies gives a high ground to the creation division. In the wake of picking up the data, the acquisition divisions can contact the providers and analyze their flexibly principles consequently concocting the ideal individuals to gracefully its needs (Chai, Liu, Ngai, 2013). The developing idea of innovation takes into consideration the utilization of informatics in helping with making sure about providers in the market. The utilization of computerized apparatuses in obtainment builds the pace of acquisition driving o a high pace of accomplishment. Coca-Cola has a data innovation empowered stock framework in the two its stores and the outsider provider portfolio (Coca-Cola, 2017). In the inward stores, the firm connections its stock with the provider where a huge drop in the items is met by an auspicious renewal of items in the market. In this regard, items don't come up short on stock as the providers stay in access to the store stock that is shared between them. The base request amount is shown in the stock where a red line is denoted each time items go beneath the interest of the firm (Balm, van Amstel, Habers, Aditjandra Zunder, 2016). For this situation, the provider reacts successfully with provisions that fulfill the needs. Then again, the firm hosts an association with its third get-together providers where an association exists that permits the provider to list the all out number of requests present at a bargain. A diminishing in items because of client buy brings about a resulting sign of the quantity of items remaining (Camarero Izquierdo, Garrido Samaniego San Jos Cabezudo, 2015). For example, a drop in the bundling materials can be effortlessly noted and recharged inside time. For this situation, the utilization of ICT is available in the buy game plans done by the firm. The little item providers don't make a difference a ton in the condition as there are a few providers of the sort of the item whose numbers are kept up on the sites which can be seen by the administration. The utilization of ICT for buys is suggested in the present business as more providers get the chance to enroll themselves on the sites. Connecting flexibly chain and stock data with the provider is

Defining Homogeneous Groups in Education

Characterizing Homogeneous Groups in Education Homogeneous gatherings in instructive settings is characterized as gatherings of understudies composed with the goal that understudies of comparative instructional levels are put together, taking a shot at materials fit to their specific level, as decided through assessments. These bunches are otherwise called capacity gatherings. Homogeneous gatherings can be stood out straightforwardly from heterogeneousâ groupsâ in which understudies of fluctuating capacities are assembled. Otherwise called: Ability-Based Groups Instances of Homogenous Groups in Educational Settings When arranging understanding gatherings, the instructor puts the entirety of the high understudies together in their own gathering. At that point, the educator meets with the entirety of the high perusers simultaneously and read a higher book with them, etc, through the different perusing levels that exist in the class. When creating study halls for the year, a school may amass the capable and skilled understudies into a TAG study hall, while gathering understudies who have scholarly, passionate, or physical difficulties into an alternate homeroom. Understudies who fall into the center of the range are allocated to an alternate homeroom. Understudies might be gathered by capacity for explicit subjects, however be in a heterogenous study hall a large portion of the day. There might be a propelled math gathering and a gathering for understudies who need more help with meeting grade level for math. Favorable circumstances of Homogenous Groups A homogenous gathering can have an exercise plan customized to the capacity of the gathering all in all, instead of tending to understudies with an assortment of capacities and requirements. Understudies may feel increasingly great in a gathering of their friends who can learn at about a similar speed. Propelled understudies may not feel the weight they involvement with a heterogenous gathering to be an associate teacher and consistently help the understudies who are trailing. Propelled understudies may not feel kept down to learn at a more slow pace than they can accomplish when with other propelled understudies. Guardians of cutting edge understudies are regularly satisfied that their youngster is in the propelled gathering. This may additionally prod the kid to accomplish much more. Understudies who have lesser capacities than normal may feel less weight when in a homogenous gathering. They may have felt demonized by continually being the slowest student in a heterogenous gathering. The instructor doled out to such a gathering may have extra preparing in helping understudies who have unique needs or a more slow learning pace. Burdens of Homogenous Groups There has been a move away from homogenous gatherings. One explanation is the defamation of gatherings of understudies of lesser learning capacity, passionate necessities, or physical needs. A few examinations indicated that decreased desires for such gatherings were an inevitable outcome. Understudies might be given an educational program that wasnt testing and in this manner didnt learn as much as they would in a heterogenous gathering. There have been worries that minority and monetarily burdened understudies were bound to wind up in a lower-level gathering. Understudies may have changing capacities by subject and in this way being assembled into a homeroom that names them either talented or unique needs overlooks that they might be high-acting in certain subjects and need more help with others.

China - Literature Development, Confucianism and Revolutions Essay

China - Literature Development, Confucianism and Revolutions - Essay Example Also, the article talks about the way of thinking of Confucius in this alluded as Confucianism and how it has affected the lives of the individuals of China as a general rule to date. At long last, the paper gives a top to bottom examination of the 1911 †1949 insurgency as the unrest with the best effect on China socially, monetarily and strategically. A concise rundown end will be given that sums up the musings in this article. Redness or red in a manner of speaking was a term used to allude to specific perspectives that were political and ideological. They were endorsed by the tenet of Maoist. The master then again typically compared with the reds was utilized to mean exceptional aptitudes or information in science or innovation. As such strain existed between the two gatherings in the twentieth century in China with the two terms utilized in juxtaposition to each other (Schoppa, pg.112). Accordingly redness had to do with the political and ideological mentalities while specialists were learned people in this period. As such during the twentieth century, the different sides clashed with convictions that the two were fundamentally unrelated and couldn't be consolidated. Strauss, (578 - 580) clarifies: As the different sides contrasted in philosophies it got hard for them to find some kind of harmony between the two in China. Chinese writing was in fact extremely critical for country building having an exceptionally strong customary social inheritance. In this manner it characterized Chinese patriotism. Hence finding some kind of harmony among reds and specialists became one incredible test for this country. The country at that point took to do instruction changes from the 1950s onwards and Chinese writing ensnared with the country building. As such the nation’s culture was characterized by its writing. In the wake of a development called the new culture, Kaozheng (reds) technique came to be first given. This was in 1917. Through this, a novel was written in vernacular concentrating on sanctifying the writing of Chinese.

Study On The Essence Of Initial Public Offering Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

The essence of an initial public offering (IPOs) is simple it is the first public sale of the shares of a company aimed at raising capital. Three main participants in the IPO process are (1) the issuing firm, (2) the investment bank underwriting the offering, (3) and the investors. Most companies have found a certain window of opportunity to take their shares public. This means that the market conditions and the anticipated valuation of the company are favorable at the time to take the stock to the public equity market. It is critical to prepare for that window, and understand how the IPO process works. Underwriting is the process through which investment banks raise capital from investors on behalf of the corporations that are issuing securities. This is a way of selling securities and bonds to investors. A syndicate of banks take on the risk of distributing these securities. This paper investigates the initial public offering process and underwriting process with examples of two Estonian IPOs Arco Vara AS and Olympic Entertainment Group AS. The analysis tries to get an answer to the question of why these IPOs turned out to be so different from each other. 2. IPO Process 2.1. Directives and Regulations in EU In European Economic area the financial market is regulated by four directives which are published by European Parliament and Council. These directives are: the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) the Prospectus Directive the Market Abuse Directive the Transparency Directive. The European law states that a Directive has to be transposed into national law. MiFID is considered to be the cornerstone of European Commissions Financial Services Action Plan. It covers almost all tradable financial products with the exception of certain foreign exchange derivatives and commodity, freight, climate, and carbon derivatives. The companies are authorized and regulated in the country where they have their registered office or head office. Once a firm has been authorized, it can use the MiFID passport to provide services to customers in other EU states. In addition, the firm must categorize clients as professional clients and retail clients, as retail clients h ave an increased level of protection. The categorization must be based on clear procedures. The companies must publish the prices, volumes and timing of all trades in listed shares, even if executed outside of a regulated market. The company is also responsible for taking all reasonable steps to provide the best execution for orders. The best possible result is not limited to execution price, but also includes cost, speed, likelihood of execution and settlement. The Prospectus Directive regulates access to the market by prescribing the principles for drafting a prospectus covering any offer of securities to the public. A single passport enables companies making an offer to use one prospectus throughout the entire European Union. Its made easier by the requirement of translating the prospectus to English. The Market Abuse Directive is ment to ensure the integrity of financial markets of Europe and to enhance investor confidence. It contains the general framework principles rela ting to market manipulation and insider dealing. It defines and prohibits both forms of market abuse and provides for a number of preventive measures such as the prompt disclosure of inside information, management transactions and safeguards regarding the impartiality of investment research. The Transparency Directive is meant to harmonize the provisions of national laws on periodic and ongoing requirements of information for issuers of securities to ensure a higher level of protection to investors throughout the European Union. The Transparency Directive requires listed companies to issue annual and half-yearly reports and quarterly management reports for only the first and third quarters. The persons responsible for these reports have to be noted in these. 2.2. Reasons for Going Public A few reasons for why companies go public are (1) to rise capital to expand operations, (2) to increase liquidity of the company, (3) to increase stock capital, which can be used to make acquisitions, and also to compensate management and employees whether through higher salaries or in the form of stock options. The first reason is to raise capital for expansion into new territories or markets. Being public is associated with and demands credibility and accountability. The second reason would be the sale of the shares of the company as founders and the existing shareholders want to trade their shares for cash or other traded stocks (also referred to as exit strategy). The third possible reason could be the expansion of the company either by merger or acquisition. Getting more money into the company allows the company to finance takeovers or mergers with other companies. Also being public allows the company to merge with others who want to become public without going throug h an IPO process (referred to as reverse merger). 2.2.1. Issues in Going Public There are a number of issues that the issuers management must cope with. One of the issues that may arise from an IPO is a conflict between management and current shareholders who may be wary of having their participations diluted and allowing new investors to acquire enough shares to gain power over the board of directors. In the case of single-tiered corporate governance structures, this refers to the board, while in two-tiered corporate governance structures this refers to the supervisory board. A second possible conflict may arise due to shareholders perception that management and other insiders want to cash in their stock options as they have inside information that the IPO is overpriced or that the owner-managers of the entity want to embark on an exit strategy. 2.3. IPO Timeline The actual IPO process takes about three to five months starting from the day the company decides to go public until it receives the proceeds from the offering. Financial consultants help with reporting issues and accounting throughout that period. They also keep the company from getting into trouble. For example, the financial statements must be prepared in accordance with generally accepted rules. This financial consultant or investment bank is also the one that is underwriting the offering, alongside with the other investment banks that form a syndicate. An example timetable of the processes of taking a company public can be seen in Appendix 1. 2.3.1. Preparation Phase In preparation phase the lead manager analyses the companys strategy and business plan, after which the shares positioning is fixed i.e. the reason why an investor would be interested in buying shares. The most labor consuming part of this stage is the legal, financial and business audit in the company. The public offering prospectus is drawn up on the basis of the audits. In the preparation phase, the lead manager also arranges a preliminary share evaluation, using discounted cash flow analysis, comparative ratio and other valuation methods. During the quiet period There are certain things that the companys management can and can not say or publish. During this time, management is strictly bound to the information contained in the prospectus. Anything, including speeches, press releases, brochures, advertisements, talking to your neighbors about the offering, just about anything could be construed as releasing inappropriate information. After the quiet period, the potential interest among institutional investors is ascertained. Possible problems related to the companys share positioning are pinned down in the course of the preliminary presentation. Possible share price ranges becomes clear from the feedback from professional investors. Meanwhile, in co-operation with the Financial Supervision Authority, which is responsible for supervising public offering registration a dialogue is established with the stock exchange. A marketing campaign is also prepared. Usually the duration of the preparation phase is two to four months, but it may take longer. 2.3.1.1. Registration Process A carefully crafted Registration Statement is required to be prepared by accountants and lawyers. This requires detailed information about: Business product/service/markets; Risk Factors; Company Information; Officers and Directors; Audited financials; Proceeds Use (How are you going to use the money); Identification of your principal shareholders; Related party transactions. After the registration is made, it is submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission and various other regulatory agencies for their detailed review. If this process is completed, the management presents a road show to the companys stock broker, who sells the stock to public investors. Then the proceeds should be invested wisely to enhance the value of the stock. 2.3.2. Offering The public offering is registered with the Financial Supervision Authority and the offering is announced. There is usually no public discussion about the offering before the offering announcement, as there is no certainty that the offering will take place. This is followed by the subscription period, which usually lasts for 2 weeks. At the same time, the managing body of the company carries out a road-show, introducing the companys strategy, financial situation, competitive advantages etc. At the end of the subscription period, the lead manager collects the interests shown by retail investors interests and the buy orders made by professional investors during the course of the directed offering in order to determine aggregate demand. Based on the full volume of demand and the prices offered by institutional investors, the company decides between a public and direct offering (in case this is not predetermined) and fixes the price. The issuer, selling shareholders and transactio n lead manager sign an underwriting agreement, according to which the lead manager is obligated to guarantee cash to be received for the securities, if any investor should withdraw their interest to buy. The decision to use overallotment options is also taken. This is an agreement between the lead manager, selling shareholders and the issuer, whereby the lead manager is entitled to deliver more shares in the offering than originally planned (usually 10-15% of the planned transaction volume). The overallotment option is used in case the offering is oversubscribed. Within the following 3-5 days, the shares are transferred to investors accounts and the share is listed on the securities exchange market and trading begins. 2.3.3. Price Formation By the moment the public offering is announced the issuer together with the lead manager have decided on the range of the final price. According to the book-building method, price is based on indications from professional investors, i.e. what price the professional investors are ready to pay and how much they are ready to buy. Estimating the given information (both price and amount) of aggregate demand of the offering and the number of investors participating in the demand (investing prospect and integrity), the company together with the lead manager determines an equilibrium price, for which all investors can buy the securities. Internationally, the book-spread method is the most widely used, because it takes investors opinions on share price into consideration, helping to reduce price fluctuations on the direct secondary market. Alternatively one could use auction-based price formation, according to which the highest price at the auction determines the price. Such price for mations have not been used in Estonia. 2.4. Underwriting Underwriting was first practiced in the seventeenth century in connection with the shipping ventures. The leading ship merchants of London were used to get together in Lloyds Coffee House to make their mutual business. In time, the custom to share the risk of venturesome voyages among various merchants was rising. Each of them agreed to stand for a fixed share of the loss or to obtain proportionate share of the profits. The agreement was passed around to each merchant, and who agreed wrote his name under the contract. That is where the term underwriting comes from. As is known, the term was primarily associated with the distribution of insurance risks, although when applied to the bond and securities issues, it also distributes the risk of failure. Therefore the essential idea is the same. 2.4.1. Importance of Underwriting Importance to the Corporation The advantages of this agreement to a company are well worth a large sum of money. After the issue has been underwritten, the issue is a sure success to the corporation. They may proceed to finance whatever project from the freshly raised capital. There is no annoying and costly waiting time when the securities are being sold. It is in a nature of many new businesses that time is an important factor for making them successful. For example, if a new factory being built in order to deal with certain contracts, or if efforts have been made in order to prevent competition, it can be fatal to the project when it was set up later after all the stock or bonds are sold. Second very important advantage is that the underwriter ensures success in raising the total amount of capital demanded. Frequently any amount less than the total amount would be a burden rather than strength to the corporation. Therefore it is the underwriters concern to raise the capital and if they fail to do that the n they have to pay up the difference from their own capital. Underwriting agreement carries with it the advantages that go into all the other arrangements, under which the banking house agrees to market the companys securities. The company will benefit from the specialized experience of the bank, and thus the risk of a serious error in the form or the price of new security is minimized. Importance to the Investor Not only does the company benefit from the underwriting agreement, but also the buyer has its advantages. First, the fact that the syndicate has been formed in first-class banking houses is essentially a guarantee that security is sound. Another advantage is the greater security of insurance against the buyer of the same events, which could harm the company because it must be remembered that at the time the buyer becomes the owner of a bond or a stockholder of the company, she begins to share his good or bad luck. If a corporation, therefore, has been damaged by dragging out the sale of a new security issue over a long period of time, or by bringing out the security issue, which ultimately is not completely disposed of, the buyer is one of the sufferers. It is, therefore, in his preference that the issue should be underwritten, and therefore ensured its success. 2.4.2. The Underwriting Syndicate Originally the idea of underwriting consisted of risk sharing among several merchants. This remains the same for todays underwriting. It is true that the word is often implemented by agreement between the company and a bank, where the bank is willing to take over a block of securities at a fixed price. This type of transaction may be better to be called a sale or a contract of sale not the underwriting contracts. But such an arrangement where only one bank is involved, it is virtually unknown except to cover small size issues. Usually, however, the initial contract has been made between the company and one banking houses, and later the lead manager distributes the proportions of risk and profit between other banking houses. All of these houses, working together, thus form a syndicate. Most major banks and financial houses make these practices work in harmony with each other. There are two reasons that make it preferable for a lead manager to join a significant number of syn dicates rather than put out a smaller number of transactions in which it would take all the risks and all the profits themselves. The first and obvious reason is to minimize risk. Wrong step in a syndicate will not be disastrous, but given the failure of good size issue if only one house was concerned, it might not only tie up enough capital to wreck the house, but it can also wreck your reputation, which might be an even greater asset to the banking house. Another motive to participation in a syndicate is that it allows the bonds and brokerage firms to offer their clients a well-diversified list of securities. General retail security merchant should be able to provide to the customer any securities that the customer may want. 2.4.2.1. Syndicate Agreements There are four different types of agreements between the underwriting syndicate and the company. Possible other variations of these basic types could be found. The first is when the company can sell the issue themselves and the syndicate may simply be to ensure that the entire issue is sold in a certain period of time at a minimum price. For example, the company is to sell an issue of $1  000  000 6% bonds. Syndicates may agree that it would the bonds left unsold at the end of the year with a special price of $90. The underwriting syndicate receives a commission of 2-5% for making this agreement. If the issue can be successfully sold, the syndicate would collect and share their commission. If the issue was unsuccessful, the syndicate has to take over the unsold balance with the agreed price and dispose of it. This type of arrangement is now uncommon except in cases where the company has given its shareholders subscription privilege, but fearful that the offer is no t taken away entirely. Second is where the banking house may enter into an agreement with the company to sell a block of securities and is allowed later to transfer them to other banking houses to share the risk and profit, by forming a syndicate. The Corporation, however, does not have dealings with a syndicate, as such, but only the original underwriter becomes the lead manager of a syndicate. The third type is when the syndicate may be formed before signing a definitive agreement with the company and the agreement may be directly between the company and the syndicate, although the management of the entire transaction and the actual sale of securities may be in the hands of one banking house, which has taken the initiative. This banking house carries out the sale of securities and does not distribute to the other members unless the sale is wholly or partially unsuccessful. The fourth type of agreement is between the underwriting syndicate and the issuing company. The secu rities are distributed to all of the members at the same time in proportion to their participation. Each banking house is expected to operate independently in selling of their proportion of the issue. This is probably the most common agreement type, and the most useful for handling large issues. It is clear from the above brief description that the term underwriting is used in different ways. This is in fact often difficult to see the difference between the actual underwriting of securities and just buying a block of securities. Even if the entire security issue is taken over by one bank and the agreed price is paid for this issue, it is still mostly referred to as underwriting. Whatever the type of syndicate is, there is always a common feature: the leading management role is always in the hands of the banking house that organized the syndicate. 2.4.3. Community of Interest Among Underwriting Houses When one of the investment banks gets a good agreement with an excellent opportunity of profit, others will usually be invited to be the members of the syndicate agreement. In this way, they are all more or less taking part in all significant underwritings. There are, of course, no formal agreement on this, but it is implicitly understood that if one allows another banking house to join a profitable issue, the benefit must be returned as soon as possible. This arrangement is well understood in many cases at least in the Wall Street district, and probably also in other centers. The banking house which has made an agreement with a company will just distribute the shares as it considers best and shall notify each participant to create a syndicate. An important result of this community of interest arrangement is that it removes the time one of the leading banking houses in keen competition. This is a relatively small matter whether one house or another company has negotiated with a syndicate and becomes the active control, because in any case essential to take part in a syndicate of houses and a fair share of the profits. This community of interest arrangement has an impact to the competition. It removes the keen competition among the leading banking houses. Therefore it is not that important whether one or another banking house carries through the negotiations with the issuing corporation and becomes the lead manager of the syndicate, because in any case each of the important houses will participate in the syndicate and get a fair share of the profits. 2.5. Underpricing Underpricing can be the positive average abnormal return from an IPO from buying stocks in the IPO and after they start trading in the secondary market selling them right away. Underpricing is the difference between the offer price and the first days closing market price. It has been observed that underpricing is an almost universal feature of the IPO market. In the study by Loughran, Ritter, and Rydqvist (1994), the authors show that underpricing appears in almost all IPO markets in the world. 2.5.1. Why Underpricing? There are a couple of reasons given why underwriters underprice IPOs. Generally, these reasons are not mutually exclusive. Underpricing two dominant theories are asymmetric information theory and signaling theory. Rock [1984], a pioneer in asymmetric information theory, suggests that the asymmetry in the IPO process itself causes underpricing. Famously coined as the winners curse Rock proves that in order to gather interest of uninformed investors, the firm must offer a discount to the price of shares. Signaling theory proposed by Allen and Faulhaber [1989], implies that high quality firms underprice their shares raise the quality of their company. This theory reasons that the companies are optimistic about the future and want to leave a good taste in the mouth for investors so if they decide to do a secondary offering the investors will act through their good memories from the first offering. This theory was confirmed experimentally by Jagadeesh, Weinstein and Welch [1993] when they showed a positive link between the cost of the IPO and secondary offerings. Therefore means that in order to ensure a successful future deals, companies and underwriters underprice the IPO. 3. Analysis 3.1. Definitions 3.1.1. Liquidity Analysis The Current Ratio, defined as current assets divided by current liabilities, has been used as measure of liquidity. Many analysts acknowledge that, if the ratio value remains below 1, it may indicate that the company has or will have liquidity problems in the upcoming periods. 3.1.2. Leverage Analysis The Equity Ratio is an indicator of the degree of financial leveraging i.e. the relationship between equity and assets. If the equity to asset ratio is 60%, then the liabilities to equity will equal 40%. 3.1.3. Profitability Analysis Return on assets (ROA) is a measurement that shows the relationship between average assets and profits. Return on equity (Equasion 3.1) shows the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. The increase in equity ratio is expected to produce good results for shareholders of the company as long as the company earns a rate of return on assets that is higher than the interest rate paid to creditors. Equasion 3.1: Return on Equity (ROE) Gross Profit Margin shows the relationship between cost of goods sold and net sales revenue. A high gross profit margin indicates that a business can make a reasonable profit on sales, as long as it keeps overhead costs in control. Net Profit Margin shows how much profit a company makes after financing costs and taxes. 3.2. Overview of Tallinn Stock Exchange The only regulated securities market in Estonia is the NASDAQ OMX Tallinn. A common electronic trading system allows the listed companies to gain access to a host of capital resources and also exchanges members, mediating securities transactions of the investors. INET and SAXESS trading systems of OMX Nordic Exchange are used in NASDAQ OMX Tallinn. As of May 2005, these systems are also used in Latvia, Lithuania, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and in Norway. The electronic Estonian central securities register and pension fund register is administered by the Estonian CSD. They concern with the payment of dividends and interest, arranging of shareholders general meetings and provides various services related to securities. The Estonian CSD also keeps the register of all public limited liability companies operating in Estonia, numerous private limited companies, funds and companies debt obligations. The register includes all Estonian private and legal persons securities accounts. 3.2.1. Economic Situation The factor that had the most influence on the financial results of NASDAQ OMX Tallinn Group on the year 2008 was the slow-down in trading activities and falling share prices, caused by the downturn in the international financial markets. The operating revenue of the NASDAQ OMX Tallinn Group (together with the Estonian CSD) decreased by 7.8% to EEK 65 million in 2008 (in 2007, EEK 70.5 million), while the operating revenue of the NASDAQ OMX Tallinn Stock Exchange amounted to EEK 22.3 million (in 2007, EEK 27.4 million). The equity capital of the Group was EEK 83 million at the end of the period (in 2007, EEK 85 million) and the consolidated net profit for 2008 amounted to EEK 20.4 million (in 2007, EEK 28.9 million). (NASDAQ OMX Tallinn Group, 2009) As seen from Appendix 2, the OMX Tallinn index has been falling since the fourth quarter of year 2007. At the end of 2008 the index had fallen about 70% from the end of 2007 and is moving closer to the value level it had in the beg inning of 2000s. 3.3. Overview of Companies 3.3.1. Arco Vara AS Arco Vara group is a real estate developer and agent in Baltic countries. It is undergoing a CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) expansion and is already present in Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Their main activities are property development, consulting, investment management, civil and environmental engineering. For the first time the company sold their shares to the public on 21 June in 2007. The company was founded in 1992 as a real estate agency. In 1996, the first development project was launched in Tallinn and next year they expanded into Latvia. Currently, Arco Vara group is based in five countries with 20 offices in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria and Ukraine. The Group employs over 400 people. Their revenues and change of revenues can be seen from Figure 1. Arco Vara groups activities can be divided into three divisions: construction division; development division; services division. Services Division of Arco Vara group is located in all countries they operate in. Services offered include brokerage of real estate, appraisal services, real estate consultancy, property management and comprehensive real estate consulting services. In addition, the services division is engaged in the management of the two real estate portfolio. Development Division of Arco Vara group is experienced in the development of residential and commercial areas. Projects include apartment buildings, semi-detached houses, private houses, land and multi-functional commercial spaces. Development process involves many areas and their core competence lies in the ability to manage the whole property development process from beginning to end. Construction Division of Arco Vara Group is engaged in general contracting, construction and environmental construction. Over 40 years experience in the field, the main objective is to achieve a state of division with the highest quality and most environmentally friendly company, offering integrated solutions in consultation with the planning and design for both commercial and residential customers. Figure 1: Revenue, Revenue growth and Net Profit for Arco Vara AS Source: Annual reports, calculations based on annual reports 3.3.2. Olympic Entertainment Group AS Olympic Entertainment Group is the largest casino entertainment company in the Baltic States and one of the most rapidly developing companies in Eastern Europe. Olympic Entertainment Group AS is the ultimate holding company of the group, through what the strategic management and financing is being done. Local casinos are operated by local entities, including the Olympic Casino Estonia AS in Estonia, Olympic Casino Latvia SIA in Baltic Gaming AS Latvia, and the Olympic Casino Group Baltija UAB in Lithuania, Olympic Casino Ukraine TOB in Ukraine, and Olympic Casino Bel IP in Belarus. In Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the non-core operations, such as bars are separated from casinos operations and are managed by specialized entities. The company sold their shares to the public for the first time on 23 October in 2006. The Organizations work in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are certified according to ISO 9001 international quality requirements. The Revenues of Olympic Entertainment Grou p can be seen from Figure 2. Figure 2: Revenue, Revenue growth and Net Profit for OEG AS Source: Annual reports, calculations based on annual reports 3.4. Analysis of Public Offerings 3.4.1. Arco Vara AS Lead manager for the IPO of Arco Vara was Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken ABs London Branch and AS SEB Enskilda was jointly the manager. According to the Emission Prospectus, Arco Varas IPO size was 34  450  000 ordinary shares, net proceeds from were expected to be approximately EEK 1  372 million, and the total cost of listing was approximately EEK 66 million. Arco Vara was planning to invest the net proceeds from the IPO in new real estate projects and development mostly in Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine. In addition, it is planning to develop already existing housing and business real estate in Estonia and Latvia. In the prospectus, it was said that some of the proceeds might be used for the development and growth of other sectors of the company, to pay back preexisting debt, or for other general business purposes. Financial statement information for Arco Vara is in Appendix 3. According to the Current Ratio, Arco Vara was not in a good position before the IPO having a low, below 1, ratio. Quick Ratio (also known as the Acid-Test Ratio) is fluctuating from 0.2 to 0.5 at different years before the IPO and shows very bad liquidity to the company. Equity Ratio indicates the leverage to investment in operations. Leverage is defined as borrowed capital. Arco Vara had a ratio of 39.7% in 2005 and 32.1% in 2006, which can be seen from the Table 1 also. After IPO, equity capital from all of the assets was 53.4% for Arco Vara. Arco Vara had a low Return on Assets (ROA) before going public. Their ROA for 3 years before going public was at range from 8.5% to 11.7%. After IPO the ROA for Arco Vara was 7.5% and the next year, 2008, it was -38.3%. Return on Equity (ROE) shows the amount of net income returned as a percentage of shareholders equity. Arco Varas ROE for the years before IPO were 26.9% and 31.5%. After IPO the ROE for Arvo Vara was 14.2% for 2007 and -74.5% for 2008. Revenue growth had a little slowdown in 2006 right be fore the IPO, but the year of the public offering they had a 50% growth of revenues. In 2008 they had a negative growth of -9.3% caused by the cooling down of the real-estate market. Gross Profit Margin indicates the relationship between net sales revenue and the cost of goods sold. A high Gross Profit Margin indicates that a business can make a reasonable profit on sales, as long as it keeps overhead costs in control. Arco Varas Gross Profit Margin was 24.7% in 2005 and 27.8% in 2006. After IPO the margin stayed almost the same in 2007 but the next year, in 2008, it fell -53.2%. Net Profit Margin shows how much profit a company makes from investing into its operations. In 2005 and 2006 Arco Vara had Net Profit Margins 24.5% and 44.9% respectively. After the IPO it was 32.4% in 2007 and -175.8% in 2008. Their Net Profit Margin is very sensitive to the changes in the economy and in the demand of real-estate. It is also reflected in the Net Profit Margin of 2008. Table 1: Fin ancial Ratios of Arco Vara 2005 2006 IPO 2007 2008 Equity Ratio 0.39 0.32 0.52 0.36 ROA 9% 12% 8% -38% ROE 27% 32% 14% -75% Revenue Growth 36% 2% 50% -9% Gross Profit Margin 25% 28% 25% -53% Net Profit Margin 24% 45% 32% -176% Source: Annual reports, calculations based on data from annual reports In Figure 3, the price movement of Arco Varas stock is shown. As can be seen the price started falling right away after the IPO. One reason for Arco Varas stock price fall might have been the poor work of underwriters as market makers. Underwriters were supposed to create trades and manipulate the market for the price to go up in the beginning. Arco Vara did not have that classical IPO where at first the price would rise for some time, also creating a possibility for exit strategy, and after the market makers have stopped, the price would start to fall. Figure 3: Arco Vara stock p rices and volume of trade Source: NASDAQ OMX Baltic 3.4.2. Olympic Entertainment Group AS Lead manager for the IPO of Olympic Entertainment Group was Hansapank with a co-lead manager LHV Financial Advisory Services. IPOs size was 14  000  000 ordinary shares, where net proceeds were expected to be approximately EEK 1  038 million, and the cost of listing approximately EEK 24 million. The primary purpose of the Offering is to attract additional capital to finance the further expansion of the group in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and other Central-Eastern European countries. Such additional capital will allow the Group to maintain its strategy of aggressive geographic expansion and facilitate the opening of new casinos in the existing and new markets as well as the acquisition of other operators or their existing casinos. Financial statement information for Olympic Entertainment Group is in Appendix 4. Olympic Entertainment Group had a high equity ratio already before the IPO. It was 63.1%. After the IPO it was 89.8%. Ret urn on assets pre-IPO were 28.5%, which showed a slight upwards movement, although it was relatively high already. After the IPO, return on assets decreased to 24.8%. Before IPO the return on equity was 42.2% and post-IPO it was 30%. Revenues were also growing at a high rate 41.6% in 2005. As seen from the Table 2, net profit margin and other margins rose before public offering, which made the IPO even more promising. The asset base of the company almost doubled from 2004 to 2005. Considering all the facts presented in the prospectus and the financial statements for prior years, the IPO looked promising. As can be seen from Figure 4, it was successful investment during the six months after the IPO, with stock prices rising from EEK 90 to almost EEK 180. A possible explanation for this movement of the stock is the lock-up period lasting about 6 months, after what some of the owners and underwriters might have sold a large amount of stock. Table 2: Financial Ratios of Olympic Ente rtainment Group 2004 2005 IPO 2006 2007 Equity Ratio 0.75 0.63 0.89 0.86 ROA 25% 29% 25% 15% ROE 33% 42% 30% 17% Revenue Growth 33% 42% 90% 51% Gross Profit Margin 62% 64% 62% 61% Net Profit Margin 21% 24% 24% 15% Source: Annual reports, calculations based on data from annual reports Figure 4: Olympic Entertainment Group stock prices and volume of trade Source: NASDAQ OMX Baltic 4. Conclusion From the analysis of the prospectuses the author concludes that the motives to go public were similar for both of the companies. They were planning to use the proceeds to invest to widen their market share behind the borders and to geographically expand. Financial data did not show good signs for Arco Vara because firstly the company did not have enough liquidity in their assets. Also the equity ratio was too low being before the IPO only 32%. In the profitability analysis the return on assets was low being in the range of 8.5% to 11.7% before the IPO. On the other hand the gross profit margin and net profit margin were fairly high. Olympic Entertainment Group had much better financial data before the IPO. Before the IPO they already had a high equity ratio, good return on asset and the return on equity ratio. Also the profit margins were fair. These were two very different initial public offerings. Arco Vara started to fall right from the beginning and did not have that c lassical IPO slope where it rises in the beginning for some time and then starts to fall when the underwriters have finished their job. Then again Olympic Entertainment Group rose for a few months before it started to fall. Then the question was why did Arco Vara had worse IPO than Olympic Entertainment Group. Arco Varas public offering cost them almost three times than it did to Olympic Entertainment Group. The reason why Arco Varas IPO was not very successful was the cooling down of the real estate market and the economy in general. The timing of the IPO was bad. It can be seen from Appendix 5 that the prices of other real estate and construction companies share started falling even some time before the IPO of Arco Vara. And right at the time of their IPO, the OMX Tallinn index started to fall also. Therefore in conclusion we can say that the underwriters cant always push the price of the share up. There are other factors that might make it almost impossible, for example the timing of the IPO. The example of Arco Vara showed that they did not have that window of opportunity at the time. At least the general economic situation did not favor them. References https://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/1997/12/15/focus2.html Draho, Jason. The IPO Decision: Why and How Companies Go Public. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2004. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriting Desache, Jean-Marc, Christopher Mead, and Gide Loyrette Nouel. Equity Markets: Investing Conditions with Buoyant IPO Activity in Europe. Paris EUROPLACE. New York. 23 October 2006. Markets in Financial Instruments Directive. Wikipedia. 24 March 2009 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markets_in_Financial_Instruments_Directive. European Union. European Parliament and the Council. DIRECTIVE 2004/39/EC. Apr. 2004. 25 March 2009 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:145:0001:0044:EN:PDF. European Union. European Parliament and the Council. DIRECTIVE 2003/71/EC. Nov. 2003. 25 March 2009 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:345:0064:0089:EN:PDF. Market Abuse Directive. International Capital Market Assoc iation. 25 March 2009 https://www.icma-group.org/Regulatory-Policy/eu_market_abuse_directive0.aspx. European Union. European Parliament and the Council. DIRECTIVE 2003/6/EC. Jan. 2003. 25 March 2009 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:096:0016:0025:EN:PDF. European Union. European Parliament and the Council. DIRECTIVE 2004/109/EC. Dec. 2004. 25 March 2009 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:390:0038:0057:EN:PDF. What are the reasons that companies go for an IPO? Yedda. 30 March 2009 https://yedda.com/questions/reasons_companies_IPO_business_1491169155564/. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. 2004. 14 March 2009 https://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/18/31557724.pdf. https://stason.org/TULARC/investing/public-offerings-IPO-DPO/Positioning-your-Company-to-become-an-IPO.html https://www.finance30.com/forum/topics/ipo-timeline-template Initial Public Offe ring (IPO). NASDAQ OMX Baltic. 1 May 2009 https://www.nasdaqomxbaltic.com/?id=1418137. https://stason.org/TULARC/investing/public-offerings-IPO-DPO/IPO-What-you-Can-and-Can-t-Say.html https://stason.org/TULARC/investing/public-offerings-IPO-DPO/What-Is-Going-Public.html Underwriting https://chestofbooks.com/finance/private/Business/Chapter-XV-Underwriting-Origin-Of-Underwriting.html https://chestofbooks.com/finance/private/Business/Importance-Of-Underwriting-In-Present-Day-Financing.html https://chestofbooks.com/finance/private/Business/The-Underwriting-Syndicate.html https://chestofbooks.com/finance/private/Business/Syndicate-Agreements.html https://chestofbooks.com/finance/private/Business/Community-Of-Interest-Among-Underwriting-Houses.html Underpricing https://www.hec.unil.ch/cms_mbf/master_thesis/0001.pdf OMX Tallinn NASDAQ OMX Tallinn Estonian CSD. NASDAQ OMX Baltic. 03 October 2010 https://www.nasdaqomxbaltic.com/en/exchange-information/a bout-us/nasdaq-omx/nasdaq-omx-tallinn-3. Financial results for NASDAQ OMX Tallinn Stock Exchange and Estonian CSD for 2008. The FINANCIAL. Apr 2009. 28 April 2009 https://www.finchannel.com/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=36054Itemid=43. Overview of Companies A. Ross, Stephen, Wandolph W. Westerfield, and Bradford D. Jordan. Corporate Finance Fundamentals. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2006. General. Arco Real Estate. 27 April 2009 https://www.arcorealestate.com/en/company/general. Olympic Entertainment Group About Issuer. NASDAQ OMX Baltic. 27 April 2009 https://www.nasdaqomxbaltic.com/market/?instrument=EE3100084021list=2currency=EEKpg=detailstab=company. Arco Vara AS. Initial Public Offering Prospectus. Jun 2007. 16 March 2009 https://www.baltic.omxnordicexchange.com/files/tallinn/bors/prospekt/arc/arco_en_prospect.pdf. Current Ratio. Investor Glossary. 9 May 2009 https://www.investorglossary.com/current-ratio.htm. Quick Ratio. Value Based Management.net. 9 May 2009 https://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_quick_ratio.html. Equity Ratio. Wikipedia. 9 May 2009 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_ratio. Return On Assets (ROA). Investopedia. 9 May 2009 https://wwwinvestopedia.com/terms/r/returnonassets.asp. ROE. Tarkinvestor.ee. 9 May 2009 https://www.tarkinvestor.ee/wiki/index.php/ROE. Gross Profit Margin. Wikipedia. 9 May 2009 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_profit_margin. Stock Historical Data. NASDAQ OMX Baltic. Jan 2009. 5 March 2009 https://www.nasdaqomxbaltic.com/. Arco Vara AS. Annual Report 2003. Jun 2004. 3 April 2009 https://www.arcorealestate.com/upload/Aruanded/2003maj_eng.pdf. Arco Vara AS. Annual Report 2004. Apr 2005. 3 April 2009 https://www.arcorealestate.com/upload/2004_Annual_Report.pdf. Arco Vara AS. Annual Report 2005. Mar 2006. 3 April 2009 https://www.arcorealestate.com/upload/AV_AS_2005_Annual.pdf. Arco Vara AS. Annual Report 2006. Apr 2007. 3 April 2009 https ://www.arcorealestate.com/upload/Aruanded_ENG/2006_MAA_final_ENG.pdf. Arco Vara AS. Annual Report 2007. Apr 2008. 3 April 2009 https://www.arcorealestate.com/upload/Aruanded_2007_ENG/2007_ar_en_uni.pdf. Arco Vara AS. Annual Report 2008. Apr 2009. 23 April 2009 https://www.arcorealestate.com/upload/Aruanded_ENG/Annual_report_2008.pdf. Arco Vara AS. Yearbook 2006. Apr 2007. 23 April 2009 https://www.arcorealestate.com/upload/yearbook_2006_eng.pdf. Olympic Entertainment Group AS. Initial Public Offering Prospectus. Sep 2006. 16 March 2009 https://www.baltic.omxnordicexchange.com/files/tallinn/bors/prospekt/oeg/oeg_prosp_eng.pdf. Olympic Entertainment Group AS. Annual Report 2004. Apr 2005. 3 April 2009 https://www.olympic-casino.com/public/Corporate/documents/AnnualReport2004_ENG.pdf. Olympic Entertainment Group AS. Annual Report 2005. May 2006. 3 April 2009 https://www.olympic-casino.com/public/Corporate/documents/AnnualReport2005_ENG.pdf. Olympic Entertainment Gr oup AS. Annual Report 2006. Mar 2007. 3 April 2009 https://www.olympic-casino.com/public/Corporate/documents/aruanne2006eng.PDF. Olympic Entertainment Group AS. Annual Report 2007. Apr 2008. 30 April 2009 https://www.olympic-casino.com/public/Corporate/documents/Olympic_annual_2007_eng_EEK.pdf. Olympic Entertainment Group AS. Annual Report 2008. Apr 2009. 2 May 2009 https://www.olympic-casino.com/public/Corporate/documents/Olympic_annual_2008_eng_EEK.pdf. OMX Tallinn Index Historical Data. NASDAQ OMX Baltic. Jan 2009. 28 February 2009 https://www.nasdaqomxbaltic.com/. Resà ¼mee Appendices Appendix 1. IPO Process Timeline Example Time Period Process 1st Day Initial organization meeting and due dilligence; Review Timetable; Review letter of intent and discuss underwriting issues; Discuss Underwriters fees and compensation; Assign registration statement preparation responsibilities; Identify accounting and other problems; Select Printer; Review financial forecasts; Management due dilligence presentations; Discuss transfer agent and registrar; Prepare list of parties involved (phone numbers, addresses, secretaries, etc.) referred to as the working group list. 14th Day First draft of registration statement distributed. 21st Day First drafting session and due dilligence: Complete due dilligence presentations; Review draft of registration statement; Discuss problems. 21st to 22nd Day Revise registration statement; underwriters counsel to draft and distribute underwriters agreement, agreement among other underwriters, selling agreement and other documents relating to underwr iting (underwriting document) to company counsel. 27nd Day Distribution of second draft of registration statement. 31st to 32nd Day Second drafting session to review registration statement. 32nd to 46th Day Questionnaires completed by officers, directors, and 10% shareholders and returned to company counsel for review. 33rd Day Distribution of third draft of registration statement. 33rd Day Distribution of mangements discussion and analysis of financial position and results of operations. 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Top Guide of Argumentative Essay Topics Technology Privacy

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Self Perception - 1586 Words

When we look at the sky the first thing we wish to see are the stars, those amazing shinning objects everyone talks about, but not all see. Self-concept and perception work the same way. Through interpersonal communication we relate, communicate and evolve with other people physically and emotionally and it’s affected by one’s self-concept, perception and emotion. Self-concept is a term used to refer to how someone thinks about or perceives themselves. How we think about and evaluate ourselves and how aware we are of ourselves as a concept to be. A more stable definition is, as Baumeister provides, â€Å"the individuals belief about himself or herself, including the persons attributes and who and what the self is†. Every†¦show more content†¦The simpler the message, the easier the other person will get it. You can have a simple discussion by asking straight questions to someone and having direct and concrete responses. When you have a hard time discussing an issue that you not know exactly how to express, your recipient might loose himself in the conversation. Like in any type of communication, there’s a chance that the intended meaning is lost. Specially, when people try to express their feelings the meanings get wrongly perceived. A person might want to break up a relationship but in a nice and mature way, so they try to smooth the situation and be sensitive about not saying something dry that can hurt its partner. But, if it is too sensitive and too nice, the meaning could get wrongly perceived and the recipient might think its just an issue they will get over easily, when the point totally was not that. Perception is someone’s reality, it determines how they perceive information from another person and how the perception of others is the product of how you view yourself. Perception can be learned, physical or cultural depending on your environment. 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Capital Structure and Firm Performance Case Study Listed...

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HOCHIMINH CITY --- oOo --- HUá » ²NH ANH KIá »â€ T CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: CASE STUDY: LISTED COMPANIES IN HOCHIMINH STOCK EXCHANGE MASTER THESIS Ho Chi Minh City – 2010 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HOCHIMINH CITY --- oOo --- HUá » ²NH ANH KIá »â€ T CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: CASE STUDY: LISTED COMPANIES IN HOCHIMINH STOCK EXCHANGE MAJOR: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAJOR CODE: 60.34.05 MASTER THESIS INSTRUCTOR : PROFESSOR NGUYá »â€žN Ä Ãƒâ€NG PHONG Ho Chi Minh City – 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my research Instructor, Professor Nguyen Dong Phong for his intensive support,†¦show more content†¦1 1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................... 3 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 4 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND SCOPE .......................................................................... 5 1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................... 7 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................. .......................................................... 7 2.2 CAPITAL STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................. 7 2.3 FIRM PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................................ 11 2.4 HYPOTHESIS AND EMPIRICAL MODEL ............................................................................ 12 2.4.1. Model 1: The Leverage ModelShow MoreRelatedDeterminants Of Ceo Compensation : The Case Of Vietnamese Listed Enterprises9564 Words   |  39 PagesDeterminants of CEO compensation: The case of Vietnamese listed enterprises Student: TUAN ANH DAO Number: 1140243 Chapter I: Introduction 1.1. Background of the study The question of whether CEOs earn their pay has been created widely sound debates and attracted comprehensive attention from investors, employment economists, financial economists, as well as unfavorably criticized by the public at large (Conyon, 2006; Larker and Tayan, 2011). The debates on executive compensation in general, and

Ethical Considerations Selling A Product Before It s...

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Financial Statement of Billabong International

Question: Discuss about the Financial Statement Analysis of Billabong International. Answer: Introduction Gordon Merchant founded Billabong in 1973 in Queensland, Australia. It was basically a surf company producing skateboards, snowboards, cloths and backpacks etc. Billabong is traded on Australian Securities Exchange from 11th August 2000. By the late 1980s Billabong started to export its products outside Australia after its success in Australia. In its expansion strategy, it acquired Von Zipper an eyewear brand, Kustom Surf Shoe a shoe brand, Nixon Inc. a watch and accessories brand in the boards sports market till 2004. In 2007 it acquired the retail operations of the Quiet Flight an American retail company to operate in New York City. Further advancing in retail markets, Billabong acquired a UK based 13 store retail chain Two Seasons and a US based online retailer Swell. Operating Financial Review Group Overview: The Group Billabong International Limited operated 424 retail stores as at 30th June 2014 but on the Financial Year ending 30th June 2015 these stores remained 404 in numbers. The downfall in different regions is as follows: North America: Only 60 stores in 2015 remained as these were 64 in 2014. Europe: Only 102 stores in 2015 remained as these were 111 in 2014. Australia: Only 123 stores in 2015 remained as these were 128 in 2014. New Zealand: Only 30 stores in 2015 remained as these were 35 in 2014. Japan: 46 stores in 2015, one store has increased as these were 45 in 2014. South Africa: Only 23 stores in 2015 remained as these were 27 in 2014. Only one store increased over financial year 2014 in Japan during financial year 2015 and 21 stores over the entire world closed down during financial year 2015. (Investopedia, n.d.) Consolidated Income statement Revenue from continuing operations remained to $ 1,056,130,000 only for the year ended 30th June 2015 as this were $ 1,125,454,000 for the year ended 30th June 2014. The revenue from continuing operations has fallen down by $ 69,324,000 in financial year 2015; this may be the result of the closure of 25 stores of the group over the entire world and significant locations. This fall down of 6.16 % in revenue is a big loss to the company in 2015, the company should consider it as a serious threat. (Accounting Tools, n.d.) Other incomes for the company were $ 10,790,000 for the year ended 30th June 2014 as this remained to only $ 10,553,000 for the year ended 30th June 2015. The company should consider increasing its other revenues to grow and prosper and to get competitive advantage. This downfall of $ 237,000 in its other revenues is a bad symbol for the companys future prospect. Cost of goods sold for the year ended 30th June 2014 were $ 555,758,000 over the revenue of $ 1,125,454,000 while it was $ 495,308,000 for the year ended 30th June 2015 over the revenue of $ 1,056,130,000. The cost of goods sold for the year ended 30th June 2014 was 49.38 % of that years revenue while this was 46.90 % for the year ended 30th June 2015. This shows the good performance of the company towards achieving efficiency in its operations. The company is working towards achievement for perfect efficiency and to be a cost leader in the industry by cutting down its costs. (Investopedia, n.d.) Selling, general and administrative Expenses amounted to $ 466,634,000 for year 2014 and $ 429,614,000 for the year 2015. These were 41.46 % of the revenue for the year 2014 and 40.68% of the revenue for the year 2015. The company was able to cut down its expenses in the year 2015 as compared to year 2014 relatively. This shows the commitment towards obtaining efficiency in expenditures. The other expenses for the company amounted to $ 166,722,000 for the year 2014 and $ 127,681,000 for the year 2015, on comparing these expenses according to the revenues this come as 14.81% for the year 2014 and 12.09% for the year 2015. This again is the result of the companys commitment towards achieving the efficiency in expenditures and cutting down the different costs of the company. (Accounting Tools, n.d.) Finance Cost of the company amounted to $ 82,366,000 for the year 2014 and $ 34,275,000 for the year 2015. The company was able to cut down the finance cost for the year 2015 by $ 48,091,000 which is very helpful to get the better returns for the owners of the company and increasing its net wealth. This will help directly in increasing the net profits of the company or reducing the net losses of the company. In the year ending 30th June 2014, the company had a net loss for the year amounted to $ 239,933,000 which shows the companys bad performance and inability to generate wealth for the company and its owners, while for the year ending 30th June 2015, the company earned a net profit of $ 2,552,000, which shows the companys better performances over the last year. This is the result of the companys strategy to achieve the efficiency in its operations and cutting down its expenditures. The company is improving as compared to last year and earning the wealth for the company. (Bhatia, A., 2012) Consolidated Balance Sheet On analyzing the Balance Sheet of the Company for the two years, the intangible assets of the company had increased from $ 143,664,000 to $ 161,534,000 during the year 2014-15. This is due to profit on account of translation differences of $ 21,386,000 mainly and a very short addition in the finite life intangible assets of $ 3,207,000 WIP of $ 6,255,000. The Non Current Receivables of the company was $ 7,202,000 for the year 2015 and $ 10,275,000 for the year 2014, the company was able to recover the receivables of the worth $ 3,073,000. This will help the company to grow as this will add to the funds of the company and will equip the company with better investing options. The trade and other receivables of the company have increased from $ 153,850,000 in 2014 to $ 164,504,000 in 2015 this shows the poor collection mechanism of the company for the trade receivables. The trade receivables management should work towards this area of the company for the better results and to increase the resources of the company for its working capital requirements. The working capital is much needed to finance the operations of the company and to prosper in the market efficiently. (Bhatia, A., 2012) The Inventories of the company have increased to $ 187,125,000 in the year 2015 from $ 180,222 in the year 2014. This will increase the storage cost of the company and shows poor inventory turnover. The inventory management of the company should work towards this area to minimize the different costs associated with the inventory and work towards better inventory turnover ratio. Out of the inventories stored by the company, the inventory of the finished goods is more than the Raw materials and WIP items; the sales department is also responsible for the low inventory turnover of the finished goods. The other current assets of the company show the Forward foreign exchange Contracts with the company in the year 2015 for $ 3,879,000 which was $ 91,000 only in the year 2014. This is the better financial position of the company as this will generate revenues for the company in the near future. The property, Plant and equipments of the company include an increase in the furniture fittings in the year 2014 for $ 15,975,000 and for $ 21,243,000 in the year 2015, and disposals in furniture fittings worth $ 467,000 in the year 2014 and $ 1,216,000 in the year 2015 except these there were no addition and no disposals in the fixed assets of the company. The Trade and Other Payables of the company have increased from $ 185,687,000 in the year 2014 to $ 207,917,000 in the year 2015 which is a very high increase in the liabilities of the company and affects the financial position of the company adversely. Financial Ratio Analysis Further we can analyze the financial performance financial position of the company with the help of financial ratio: 1. Current Ratio Particulars 2015 2014 2013 2012 Current Assets ($000) 5,23,753.00 4,95,801.00 6,22,368.00 8,98,921.00 Current Liabilities ($000) 2,39,045.00 2,25,671.00 6,12,495.00 6,11,443.00 Current Ratio [(Current Assets/Current Liabilities *100)] 2.19 2.20 1.02 1.47 Current Ratio measures the liquidity of the company. With the help of current ratio the liquidity position of the company is being measured. What is the position of the liquid fund in the company? According to the above observation Liquidity position of the company is strong. Liquidity position of the company is positive as compared to last year. According to the industry standard Current Ratio should be 2 and the same is high in case of company. Hence we can conclude the liquidity position of the company is sound. 2. Quick Ratio Particulars 2015 2014 2013 2012 Liquid Assets ($000) 3,36,628.00 3,15,579.00 3,55,562.00 6,05,720.00 Current Liabilities ($000) 2,39,045.00 2,25,671.00 6,12,495.00 6,11,443.00 Liquid Ratio [(Liquid Assets/Current Liabilities *100)] 1.41 1.40 0.58 0.9 Quick Ratio of the company is used to measure real liquidity position of the company. It measures the highly liquid fund if the company. In this case liquidity ratio of the company is showing increasing trend. The Quick ratio should be near 1.5 as per industry standard. Thus in this case the company is having sound liquidity ratio. 3. Debt to Equity Ratio Particulars 2015 2014 2013 2012 Debt ($000) 2,59,950.00 2,12,033.00 5,916.00 2,49,069.00 Equity ($000) 2,81,584.00 2,59,036.00 3,12,067.00 10,72,261.00 Debt to Equity Ratio 0.92 0.82 0.02 0.2 Debt to Equity ratio measures the capital structure position of the company. How much debt is in the proportion of equity in the capital structure of the company is being measured. Proportion of debt is increased in the capital structure of the company as compared to last years. This represents that the risk is increased and cost of the fund is minimized by the company. According to industry standard it should be 0.5 and in this case it is high. (My Accounting Course, n.d.) 4. Debt to Asset Ratio Particulars 2015 2014 2013 2012 Debt ($000) 2,59,950.00 2,12,033.00 5,916.00 2,49,069.00 Asset ($000) 8,03,980.00 7,51,866.00 10,19,292.00 20,80,684.00 Debt to Asset Ratio 0.32 0.28 0.01 0.12 Debt to Asset Ratio represents the percentage of debt in relation to total assets. Debt should be low and in this case debt is low but the same is increased as compared to last year. The company is trying to increase debts in the capital structure. The ratio is 0.32 in the year 2015 as compared to 0.12 in the year 2012. (Accounting Coach, n.d.) 5. Gross Profit Ratio Particulars 2015 2014 2013 Gross Profit 5,60,822.00 5,69,696.00 5,66,026.00 Sales 10,56,130.00 11,25,454.00 11,07,492.00 GP Ratio [(Gross Profit/Sales *100)] 53.10 50.62 51.11 Gross Profit Ratio of the company represents how much the company is earning on the product without deducting any administrative or indirect expenditure. It represents the difference between revenue and cost of goods sold. The Company is earning with a growth rate as compared to last years. Gross Profit ratio of the company is 53.10 in the year 2015 as compared to last year 50.62 which is showing increasing trend. If the company is showing increasing trend that means company is growing and growth of the company in future will be in multiplier. (My Accounting Course, n.d.) 6. Net Profit Ratio Particulars 2015 2014 2013 Net Profit 2,552.00 -2,39,933.00 -8,63,002.00 Sales 10,56,130.00 11,25,454.00 11,07,492.00 NP Ratio [(Net Profit/Sales *100)] 0.24 -21.32 -77.92 Net Profit of the company is representing what the company is earning in net to provide return to its shareholders. The Company is bearing losses continuously in the year 2013 and 2014. In the year 2015 company is earning profit or we can say company is over Break Even Point. The Company is earning with increasing rate which is showing that growth of the company is high in the future. Net Profit Ratio of the company is 0.24 in the year 2015 as compared to losses in the previous years. (My Accounting Course, n.d.) 7. Debtors Turnover Ratio Particulars 2015 2014 2013 Sales 10,56,130.00 11,25,454.00 11,07,492.00 Accounts Receivables 1,64,504.00 1,53,850.00 2,04,429.00 Debtors Turnover Ratio [(Sales/Accounts Receivable)] 6.42 7.32 5.42 Debtors Turnover Ratio of the company is represent the times in which debtors are converted into sales. According to the industry it should be high. In this case it is 6.42 in the year 2015 as compared to 7.32 in the year 2014. It is low as compared to last year. The Company is not performing well in the year 2015. The Company should try to improve its debtors turnover ratio so that profits will increase. (My Accounting Course, n.d.) 8. Stock Turnover Ratio Particulars 2015 2014 2013 Sales 10,56,130.00 11,25,454.00 11,07,492.00 Stock 1,87,125.00 1,80,222.00 2,66,806.00 Debtors Turnover Ratio [(Sales/Accounts Receivable)] 5.64 6.24 4.15 Stock turnover ratio represents the no. of times stock has been converted into sales. It should be high as high ratio is preferable. If ratio is high the profits are also high. The Company should perform to increase its Stock turnover Ratio. Stock Turnover Ratio of the company is 5.64 in the year 2015 as compared to 624 in the year 2014. It is showing decreasing trend which is presenting poor performance of the company. The company should try to improve its performance. (Accounting Coach, n.d.) Conclusion and Recommendation: The Financial Performance of the company is sound. The Financial Performance is showing increasing trend. However the company was bearing losses up to 2014. It is represented from the financial statement of the company that company is growing over the period. With the help of Growth rate in previous year it can be presented that the company will grow with a multiplier rate in the future. The Company should increase its sales revenue. From the point of view of investor i suggest that investment should be made in the company as company is growing with a constant rate. Financial position of the company is also sound. It is reflected from the capital structure ratios that the company is increasing debts in its capital structure and trying to minimize the cost of fund. It is in the benefit of its stakeholders. I recommend to invest into the company to earn more return and fund is also secured. The Company is also having highly liquid fund and the investor should invest into the company. References: Investopedia, n.d., Financial Statement Analysis, [Online], Available at https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financial-statement-analysis.asp [Accessed on 23/01/2017] Accounting Tools, n.d., Financial Statement Analysis, [Online], Available at https://www.accountingtools.com/financial-statement-analysis [Accessed on 23/01/2017] Ready Ratio, n.d., Financial Statement Analysis, [Online], Available at https://www.readyratios.com/reference/analysis/financial_statement_analysis.html [Accessed on 23/01/2017] Bhatia, A., 2012, Financial Statement Analysis, [Online], Available at https://www.slideshare.net/AnujBhatia3/financial-statement-analysis-15102101 [Accessed on 23/01/2017] My Accounting Course, n.d., Ratio Analysis, [Online], Available at https://www.myaccountingcourse.com/financial-ratios/ [Accessed on 23/01/2017] Investopedia, n.d., Ratio Analysis: Using Financial Ratios, [Online], Available at https://www.investopedia.com/university/ratio-analysis/using-ratios.asp [Accessed on 23/01/2017] Accounting Coach, n.d., Ratio Analysis, [Online], Available at https://www.accountingcoach.com/financial-ratios/explanation [Accessed on 23/01/2017]